Chapter 17 and 18 ( Test 2 Study)

Question 1

In eukaryotic RNA, what is the binding site for RNA polymerase?

Answer 1

promoter

Question 2

Each structure gene has its own promoter in (eukaryotic/prokaryotic) RNA.

Answer 2

eukaryotic

Question 3

What is the meaning behind this phrase: “Transcription and translation are separated between time and space.”?

Answer 3

Even though transcription and translation both happen in the cytoplasm, in eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus and translation occurs in the cytoplasm. Transcription and translation are “separated” between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.

Question 4

Where are DNase I hypersensitivity sites located?

Answer 4

They are at the open chromatin configuration sites, and upstream of the transcription start site.

Question 5

What are two factors of histone modification (chromatin remodeling)?

Answer 5

Addition of methyl groups and addition of acetyl groups.

Question 6

When methyl groups are added to the histone proteins, where do they attach to?

What is this process called?

Answer 6

the histone protein tails

methylation

Question 7

When acetyl groups are added to the histone proteins, where do they attach to?

What is this process called?

Answer 7

they attach directly to the histone protein

acetylation

Question 8

When the chromatin remodeling complex is charged by ___, it binds to the DNA and repositions nucleosomes, exposing a ____ ____ binding site.

Answer 8

ATP; transcription factor

Question 9

What two things bind to DNA to initiate transcription from histones?

Answer 9

Transcription factors and RNA polymerase

Question 10

The addition of acetyl groups to tails of histone proteins AKA _____, disrupts ___ structure, allowing transcription to take place.

Answer 10

acetylation; chromatin

Question 11

DNA methylation of cytosine bases adjacent to guanine nucleotides is represented by _____.

Answer 11

CpG islands (poly C’s)

Question 12

What is the technology used to identify location, packaging, and distinguishing? Use full name

Answer 12

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (CHIP)

Question 13

What are some of the processes that affect gen regulation by altering chromatin structure?

Answer 13

• chromatin remodeling
• modification of histone proteins
• DNA methylation

Question 14

One transcription factor is to stimulate and stabilize the ____ ____ ____ at the core promoter.

Answer 14

basal transcription apparatus

Question 15

One transcription factor is the regulation of galactose metabolism through ____.

Answer 15

GAL4

Question 16

What is the mediator’s role as a transcription factor?

Answer 16

It brings the enhancer region.

• It links the enhancer by the transcriptional activator protein attached to it, and brings it closer to the sequence.

Question 17

What is a DNA sequence that stimulates transcription a distance away from the promoter?

Answer 17

enchancer

Question 18

What is a DNA sequence with an inhibitory effect on the transcription of distant genes?

Answer 18

silencer

Question 19

What does an insulator do in a DNA sequence?

Answer 19

It blocks or “insulates” the effect of enhancers. It blocks the action of an enhancer on a promoter when the insulator lies between the enhancer and the promoter.

Question 20

Describe the basal transcription apparatus during transcription.

Answer 20

The basal transcription apparatus is a series of transcription factors combined with the RNA polymerase that help bring it to the promoter site.

Question 21

Each of the following is either common, present, complex, uncommon, simple, or not present in eukaryotic and bacteria gene control. Distinguish between each.

• Role of chromatin
  structure
• Presence of operons
• Initiation of transcription
• Enhancers
• Regulation by small RNAs

Answer 21

Eukaryotic:
- Role of chromatin
structure (present)
- Presence of operons (uncommon)
- Initiation of transcription (complex)
- Enhancers (common)
- Regulation by small RNAs (common)

Bacteria:
- Role of chromatin
structure (absent)
- Presence of operons (common)
- Initiation of transcription (simple)
- Enhancers (uncommon)
- Regulation by small RNAs (uncommon)

Question 22

What are the three types of gene mutations?

Answer 22

base substitution
base insertion
base deletion

Question 23

What elements are found in the upstream region of the metallothionein gene? Also, they a]can turn on transcription due to what kind of stimulus?

Answer 23

multiple repossessed elements (MREs)

environmental stimuli

Question 24

In flies, what does the Sxl gene being turned on do?

Answer 24

It determines flies to be female. If it is absent, then flies will be male.

Question 25

How does the Sxl protein work during alternative splicing of TRA pre-mRNA?

Answer 25

When he Sxl protein is present, then the B exon is spliced out with other introns and prevents the premature stop codon from being present which determines it to be a female fly. If the exon is not spliced out, them translation will stop prematurely and it will be a male fly.

Question 26

What are the benefits of the degradation of RNA?

Answer 26

It can control whether a gene will be translated or not and allows for certain sequences to be chewed up by an enzyme.

Question 27

How does the poly(A) tail affect mRNA stability?

Answer 27

The poly(A) tail stabilizes the 5’ cap, which must be removed before the mRNA molecule can be degraded from the 5’ end.

Question 28

When the dicer cleaves and processed double stranded RNA, what are the two types of RNA created?

Answer 28

siRNA and miRNA