Chapter 17 and 18 ( Test 2 Study) Flashcards
In eukaryotic RNA, what is the binding site for RNA polymerase?
promoter
Each structure gene has its own promoter in (eukaryotic/prokaryotic) RNA.
eukaryotic
What is the meaning behind this phrase: “Transcription and translation are separated between time and space.”?
Even though transcription and translation both happen in the cytoplasm, in eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus and translation occurs in the cytoplasm. Transcription and translation are “separated” between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.
Where are DNase I hypersensitivity sites located?
They are at the open chromatin configuration sites, and upstream of the transcription start site.
What are two factors of histone modification (chromatin remodeling)?
Addition of methyl groups and addition of acetyl groups.
When methyl groups are added to the histone proteins, where do they attach to?
What is this process called?
the histone protein tails
methylation
When acetyl groups are added to the histone proteins, where do they attach to?
What is this process called?
they attach directly to the histone protein
acetylation
When the chromatin remodeling complex is charged by ___, it binds to the DNA and repositions nucleosomes, exposing a ____ ____ binding site.
ATP; transcription factor
What two things bind to DNA to initiate transcription from histones?
Transcription factors and RNA polymerase
The addition of acetyl groups to tails of histone proteins AKA _____, disrupts ___ structure, allowing transcription to take place.
acetylation; chromatin
DNA methylation of cytosine bases adjacent to guanine nucleotides is represented by _____.
CpG islands (poly C’s)
What is the technology used to identify location, packaging, and distinguishing? Use full name
Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (CHIP)
What are some of the processes that affect gen regulation by altering chromatin structure?
- chromatin remodeling
- modification of histone proteins
- DNA methylation
One transcription factor is to stimulate and stabilize the ____ ____ ____ at the core promoter.
basal transcription apparatus
One transcription factor is the regulation of galactose metabolism through ____.
GAL4
What is the mediator’s role as a transcription factor?
It brings the enhancer region.
- It links the enhancer by the transcriptional activator protein attached to it, and brings it closer to the sequence.
What is a DNA sequence that stimulates transcription a distance away from the promoter?
enchancer
What is a DNA sequence with an inhibitory effect on the transcription of distant genes?
silencer
What does an insulator do in a DNA sequence?
It blocks or “insulates” the effect of enhancers. It blocks the action of an enhancer on a promoter when the insulator lies between the enhancer and the promoter.
Describe the basal transcription apparatus during transcription.
The basal transcription apparatus is a series of transcription factors combined with the RNA polymerase that help bring it to the promoter site.
Each of the following is either common, present, complex, uncommon, simple, or not present in eukaryotic and bacteria gene control. Distinguish between each.
- Role of chromatin
structure - Presence of operons
- Initiation of transcription
- Enhancers
- Regulation by small RNAs
Eukaryotic:
- Role of chromatin
structure (present)
- Presence of operons (uncommon)
- Initiation of transcription (complex)
- Enhancers (common)
- Regulation by small RNAs (common)
Bacteria:
- Role of chromatin
structure (absent)
- Presence of operons (common)
- Initiation of transcription (simple)
- Enhancers (uncommon)
- Regulation by small RNAs (uncommon)
What are the three types of gene mutations?
base substitution
base insertion
base deletion
What elements are found in the upstream region of the metallothionein gene? Also, they a]can turn on transcription due to what kind of stimulus?
multiple repossessed elements (MREs)
environmental stimuli
In flies, what does the Sxl gene being turned on do?
It determines flies to be female. If it is absent, then flies will be male.
How does the Sxl protein work during alternative splicing of TRA pre-mRNA?
When he Sxl protein is present, then the B exon is spliced out with other introns and prevents the premature stop codon from being present which determines it to be a female fly. If the exon is not spliced out, them translation will stop prematurely and it will be a male fly.
What are the benefits of the degradation of RNA?
It can control whether a gene will be translated or not and allows for certain sequences to be chewed up by an enzyme.
How does the poly(A) tail affect mRNA stability?
The poly(A) tail stabilizes the 5’ cap, which must be removed before the mRNA molecule can be degraded from the 5’ end.
When the dicer cleaves and processed double stranded RNA, what are the two types of RNA created?
siRNA and miRNA
