Chapter 17 Flashcards
Digestive System
1
Q
The mechanical and chemical break down of foods into forms that cells absorb
A
Digestion
2
Q
Breaks large pieces of food into smaller ones without altering their chemical composition
A
Mechanical digest
3
Q
Breaks food into nutrient molecules
A
Chemical digestion
4
Q
Carries out the process of ingestion, propulsion, absorption, and defecation
A
The organs
5
Q
Extends from the mouth to the anus and several accessory organs, which release substances that are used in digestion into the canal
A
Alimentary Canal
6
Q
Includes the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anal canal
A
Alimentary Canal
7
Q
Include the salivary glands. liver, gallbladder, and pancreas
A
Accessory organs
8
Q
Originates from the inner layer of the embryo, which folds to form the tubes of the alimentary canal
A
Digestive system
9
Q
Develop as buds from the tube
A
Accessory organs
10
Q
A muscular tube about 8 meters long that passes through the body’s thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
A
Alimentary Canal
11
Q
Consists of four layers
A
Alimentary Canal
12
Q
Has a surface of epithelium, underlying connective tissue and a small amount of smooth muscle
A
Mucosa
13
Q
Folded with tiny projections that extend into the passageway or lumen of the digestive tube
A
Mucosa
14
Q
Has glands into which the lining cells secrete mucus and digestive enzymes
A
Mucosa
15
Q
Protects the tissues beneath it, secretes into the lumen and absorbs substances from the diet
A
Mucosa
16
Q
Contains considerable loose connective tissue as well as glands, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves
A
Submucosa
17
Q
Nourish the surrounding tissues and carry away absorbed materials
A
Submucosa
18
Q
provides movements of the tube, consist of two layers of smooth muscle tissue
A
Muscularis Externa
19
Q
The outer covering of the alimentary canal
A
Serosa Layer
20
Q
For digestive organ within the abdominal cavity,_______ is composed of the visceral peritoneum which is formed of epithelium on the outside and connective tissue beneath
A
Serosa Layer
21
Q
The cells of the ____ protect underlying tissues and secrete serous fluid, which moistens and lubricates the tubes of the alimentary canal outer surface
A
Serosa Layer
22
Q
The motor functions of the alimentary canal are of two basic type
A
mixing movement and propelling movement
23
Q
In the small intestine, ____ is a type of movement that aids mixing by alternately contracting and relaxing the smooth muscle in segments of the organ
A
Segmentation
24
Q
Includes a wavelike motion called peristalsis, in which a ring of contraction occurs in the wall to the alimentary canal tube and moves progressively along its length
A
Propelling Movement
25
The muscular wall just ahead of the ring relaxes. A phenomenon called
Receptive Relaxation
26
Begins when food expands the tubes
Peristalsis
27
Important in controlling secretions by the gastrointestinal tract
Submucosal Plexus
28
Control gastrointestinal motility
Myenteric Plexus
29
The first portion of the alimentary canal receives food and begins digestion by mechanically breaking solid particles into smaller pieces and mixing them with saliva
Mouth
30
Chewing action
Mastication
31
Space between the teeth, cheeks, and lips
Oral Vestibule
32
Form the lateral walls of the mouth
Cheeks
33
Highly mobile structure that surrounds the mouth opening
Lips
34
A thick muscular organ that occupies the floor of the mouth and nearly fills the oral cavity when the mouth is closed
Tongue
35
A membranous fold called the ___ connects the midline of the tongue to the floor of the mouth
Lingual Frenulum
36
The tongue has rough projections called
Papillae
37
The root of the tongue is anchored to the
Hyoid Bone
38
The tongue is covered with lymphatic tissue called
Lingual Tissue
39
Forms the roof of the oral cavity and consists of a hard anterior part and a soft posterior part
Palate
40
The ____ is formed by the palatine posses of the maxillae in front and the horizontal portions of the palatine bones in the back
Hard Palate
41
The ___ forms a muscular arch, which extends posteriorly and downward as a cone-shaped projection called uvula
Soft Palate
42
During swallowing, muscles draw the ___ and the ____ upward. This action closes the oping between the ____ and the ___ preventing food from entering the nasal cavity
Soft palate
Uvula
Nasal Cavity
Pharynx
43
Masses of lymphatic tissue called ___ are the posterior wall of the pharynx above the border f soft palate
Pharyngeal Tonsils
44
The ___ are the hardest structures in the body
Teeth
45
In the back of the mouth, on either side of the tongue and closely associated with the palate, are masses of lymphatic tissue called
Palatine Tonsils
46
Teeth develop within sockets in the ____ of the ___ and ___
Alveolar Processes
Mandible
Maxillae
47
The first set of teeth, the primary teeth usually erupt through the gums at regular intervals between the ages of __ and __
6 months
| 2 to 4 Years
48
The 10 primary teeth are anchored in each jaw from the midline towards the sides in the following sequence
Central Incisor, Lateral Incisor, Canine, First Molar and Second Molar
49
The secondary set consists of 32 teeth 16 in each and they are arranged from the midline as follows
Central Incisor, Lateral Incisor, Canine, First Premolar, Second Premolar, First Molar, Second and Third Molar
50
The secondary teeth usually begin to erupt at 6 years of age, but the set may not be completed until the third molars emerge between ___
17 and 25 Years of age
51
Third molars are also called
Wisdom Teeth
52
The sharp edges of the ____ bite off large pieces of food
chisel-shaped incisors
53
The ___ grasp and tear food
cone-shaped canines
54
The flattened surfaces the __ and ___ grind food particles
Premolars
| Molars
55
Each tooth consists of two main parts- The __ which projects beyond the gum, and the __ which anchored to the alveolar process of the jaw
Crown
| Root
56
Glossy white __ covers the crown
Enamel
57
___ mainly consists of calcium salts and is the hardest substance in the body
Enamel
58
The bulk of a tooth beneath the enamel is composed of living cellular tissue called ___ is similar to bone but harder
Destin
59
___ is a mass of tissue including blood vessels, nerves, and connective tissue
Pulp
60
Blood vessels and nerves reach the ____ through ____, which extend into the ___
Central Cavity
Tubular Root Canals
Root
61
A thin layer of a bone-like material called ___ surrounded by a periodontal ligament encloses the root
Cementum
62
_____ composed of collagen passes between the cementum and the bone of the alveolar process, firmly attaching the tooth to the jaw
Periodontal Ligament
63
The salivary glands secrete
Saliva
64
____ in the saliva helps buffer acid in the mouth, keeping the PH near neutral, between __ and __
Bicarbonate Ions
6. 5
7. 5
65
Many minor salivary glands are scattered throughout the mucosa of the ____, ____, and ____
Tongue
Palate
Cheeks
66
The 3 pairs of major salivary glands are the _____, the ____, and the ____
Parotid Glands
Submandibular Glands
Sublingual Glands
67
The different salivary glands have varying proportions of 2 types of ____, ____, and ____
Secretory Cells
Serous Cells
Mucous Cells
68
Serous cells produce a watery fluid that contains a digestive enzyme called
Salivary Amylase
69
Splits starch and glycogen molecules into disaccharides, starting the chemical digestion of carbohydrates
Salivary Amylase
70
Mucous cells secrete a thick liquid called ____ which binds food particles and acts as a lubricant during swallowing
Mucus
71
The ______ are the largest of the major salivary glands
Parotid Glands
72
Each _____ lies anterior to and somewhat inferior to each ear, between the skin of the cheek and the masseter
Parotid Gland
73
A _____ passes from the Parotid gland inward through the buccinator muscle, entering the mouth just opposite the upper second molar on either side of the jaw
Parotid Duct
74
The ______ are in the floor of the mouth on the inside surface of the mandible
Submandibular Glands
75
______ secrete a more viscous fluid than the parotid gland
Submandibular Glands
76
The _____ are the smallest of the major salivary glands
Sublingual Glands
77
The _____ is the space posterior to the nasal cavity, oral cavity, and larynx
Pharynx
78
The ____ extends from the nasal cavity to the ____
Pharynx
| Esophagus
79
The _____ is superior to the soft pate
Nasopharynx
80
The ____ communicates with the nasal cavity and provides a passageway for air during breathing
Nasopharynx
81
The ______ which connect the pharynx with the middle ears, open through the walls of the nasopharynx
Auditory Tubes
82
The _____ is posterior to the oral cavity
Oropharynx
83
_____ is posterior to the soft palate and inferior to the ____, projecting downward to the upper border of the epiglottis
Oropharynx
| Nasopharynx
84
The ____ is a passageway food moving downward from the mouth and for air moving to and from the nasal cavity
Oropharynx
85
The _____ is posterior to the larynx and inferior to the ______
Laryngopharynx
| Oropharynx
86
The _____ extent from the upper border of the epiglottis downward to the lower border of the cricoid cartilage of the larynx and is a passageway to the esophagus
Laryngopharynx
87
The circular muscles in the walls of the pharynx called ____ pull the walls inward during swallowing
Constrictor Muscles
88
The _______, attached to bony processes of the skull and mandible curve around the upper part of the pharynx
Superior Constrictor Muscles
89
The ____ arise from projections of the hyoid bone and fan around the middle of the pharynx
Middle Constrictor Muscles
90
The ____ originate from cartilage of the larynx and pass around the lower portion of the pharyngeal cavity
Inferior Constrictor Muscles
91
A flaplike structure attached to the larynx called the _____ closes off the top of the trachea so that food is less likely to enter the trachea
Epiglottis
92
The _____ is a straight, collapsible tube about 25 centimeters long
Esophagus
93
The _____ provide a passageway for food and its muscular wall propels food from the pharynx to the stomach
Esophagus
94
The _____ begins at the base of the laryngopharynx and descends through the thorax posterior to the trachea, passing through the mediastinum
Esophagus
95
The esophagus penetrates the diaphragm through an opening, the _____ and the abdominal side of the diaphragm
Esophageal Hiatus
96
______ are scattered throughout the submucosa of the esophagus
Mucous Glands
97
Just superior to the point where the esophagus joins the stomach, some of the cells of the circular smooth muscle layer have increased sympathetic muscle tone and form the ______ or cardiac sphincter
Lower Esophageal Sphincter
98
The _____ closes the entrance to the stomach, preventing regurgitation of the stomach contents into the esophagus.
Sphincter
99
When _____ in the esophagus reach the stomach, the ____ temporarily relaxes and allows the swallowed food to enter
Peristaltic Waves
| Sphincter
100
The ______ is a J-shaped, pouchlike organ, about 25-30 centimeters long, which hangs inferior to the diaphragm in the upper-left portion of the abdominal cavity
Stomach
101
The _______ has a capacity of about one liter or more
Stomach
102
The _____ inner lining has thick gastric folds of the mucosal and submucosal layers that unfold when the wall is distended.
Stomach
103
The ____ receive food from the esophagus mixes it with gastric juice, initiates the digestion of proteins, carries on limited absorption and moves food into the small intestine
Stomach
104
______, Which strengthens the stomach wall and help the mixing and churning
Inner Oblique Layer
105
The ______ is the innermost muscular layer and most highly developed near the opening of the esophagus and in the body of the stomach
Inner Oblique Layer
106
The ______ is a small area near the esophageal opening
Cardia
107
The ______, which balloons superior to the cardia, is a temporary storage area and sometimes fills with swallowed air
Fundus
108
The dilated _____, which is the main part of the stomach lies between the fundus and pylorus
Body
109
The ______ is the distal portion of the stomach where it approaches the small intestine
Pylorus
110
The ______ is a funnel-shaped portion that narrows and becomes the pyloric canal as it approaches the small intestine
Pylorus Antrum
111
At the end of the pyloric canal, a thickening of the circular layer of smooth muscle forms the powerful ___
Pyloric Sphincter
112
This sphincter acts as a valve that controls gastric emptying into the small intestine
Pyloric Sphincter
113
______ is a birth defect in which muscle overgrowth blocks the pyloric canal and causes a newborn to vomit with increased force
Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis
114
The mucous membrane that forms the inner lining of the is thick. Its surface is studded with many small opening, called ______ that are located at the ends of tubular _______
Gastric Pits
| Gastric Glands
115
The ______, found in the necks of the glands near the openings of the gastric pits, secretes mucus
Mucous Cells
116
The ______ secrete digestive enzymes, and the parietal cells release a solution containing hydrochloric acid
Chief Cells
117
The secretions from the mucous cells, chief cells, and parietal cells together form _____
Gastric Juice
118
________ is by far the most important of the digestive enzymes in gastric juice
Pepsin
119
The chief cell secret pepsin in the form of an inactive, nonerosive enzyme precursor called
Pepsinogen
120
When pepsinogen contacts the hydrochloric acid from the parietal cells, it breaks down rapidly and forms the active enzyme called _________
Pepsin
121
Gastric juice contains small quantities of a fat-splitting enzyme, ______. Its action is inhibited somewhat by the low pH of gastric juice
Gastric Lipase
122
The parietal cells of the gastric glands secrete ______, which is necessary for vitamin B12 absorption from the small intestine
Intrinsic Factor
123
The gastric glands, specialized cells closely associated with the parietal cells secrete the hormone _____, which inhibits acid secretion
Somatostatin
124
Gastric secretion occurs in 3 stages _____, ______, and ____ phases
Cephalic
Gastric
Intestinal
125
The _____ begins before food reaches the stomach and possibly even before eating
Cephalic
126
In this stage, parasympathetic reflexes operating through the vagus nerves stimulate gastric secretion at the taste, smell, sight, or thought of food
Cephalic
127
The ______ of gastric secretion, which accounts for most of the secretory activity, starts when food enters the stomach
Gastric Phase
128
Following a meal, the blood concentration of bicarbonate ions increases, and the urine excretes excess bicarbonate ions. This phenomenon is called the
Alkaline Tide
129
The ____ of gastric secretion begins when food leaves the stomach and enter the small intestine.
Intestinal Phase
130
When food first contacts the intestinal wall, it stimulates intestinal cells to release a hormone, ________, that briefly enhances gastric gland secretion
Intestinal gastrin
131
An _____ is an open sore in the skin or a mucous membrane resulting from localized tissue breakdown
Ulcer
132
In 1982, two Australian researchers boldly suggested that stomach infection by the bacterium ______ causes gastric ulcers
Helicobacter Pylori
