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biology 202 > Chapter 17 > Flashcards

Chapter 17 Flashcards

Digestive System

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1
Q

The mechanical and chemical break down of foods into forms that cells absorb

A

Digestion

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2
Q

Breaks large pieces of food into smaller ones without altering their chemical composition

A

Mechanical digest

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3
Q

Breaks food into nutrient molecules

A

Chemical digestion

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4
Q

Carries out the process of ingestion, propulsion, absorption, and defecation

A

The organs

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5
Q

Extends from the mouth to the anus and several accessory organs, which release substances that are used in digestion into the canal

A

Alimentary Canal

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6
Q

Includes the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anal canal

A

Alimentary Canal

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7
Q

Include the salivary glands. liver, gallbladder, and pancreas

A

Accessory organs

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8
Q

Originates from the inner layer of the embryo, which folds to form the tubes of the alimentary canal

A

Digestive system

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9
Q

Develop as buds from the tube

A

Accessory organs

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10
Q

A muscular tube about 8 meters long that passes through the body’s thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

A

Alimentary Canal

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11
Q

Consists of four layers

A

Alimentary Canal

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12
Q

Has a surface of epithelium, underlying connective tissue and a small amount of smooth muscle

A

Mucosa

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13
Q

Folded with tiny projections that extend into the passageway or lumen of the digestive tube

A

Mucosa

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14
Q

Has glands into which the lining cells secrete mucus and digestive enzymes

A

Mucosa

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15
Q

Protects the tissues beneath it, secretes into the lumen and absorbs substances from the diet

A

Mucosa

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16
Q

Contains considerable loose connective tissue as well as glands, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves

A

Submucosa

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17
Q

Nourish the surrounding tissues and carry away absorbed materials

A

Submucosa

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18
Q

provides movements of the tube, consist of two layers of smooth muscle tissue

A

Muscularis Externa

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19
Q

The outer covering of the alimentary canal

A

Serosa Layer

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20
Q

For digestive organ within the abdominal cavity,_______ is composed of the visceral peritoneum which is formed of epithelium on the outside and connective tissue beneath

A

Serosa Layer

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21
Q

The cells of the ____ protect underlying tissues and secrete serous fluid, which moistens and lubricates the tubes of the alimentary canal outer surface

A

Serosa Layer

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22
Q

The motor functions of the alimentary canal are of two basic type

A

mixing movement and propelling movement

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23
Q

In the small intestine, ____ is a type of movement that aids mixing by alternately contracting and relaxing the smooth muscle in segments of the organ

A

Segmentation

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24
Q

Includes a wavelike motion called peristalsis, in which a ring of contraction occurs in the wall to the alimentary canal tube and moves progressively along its length

A

Propelling Movement

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25
Q

The muscular wall just ahead of the ring relaxes. A phenomenon called

A

Receptive Relaxation

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26
Q

Begins when food expands the tubes

A

Peristalsis

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27
Q

Important in controlling secretions by the gastrointestinal tract

A

Submucosal Plexus

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28
Q

Control gastrointestinal motility

A

Myenteric Plexus

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29
Q

The first portion of the alimentary canal receives food and begins digestion by mechanically breaking solid particles into smaller pieces and mixing them with saliva

A

Mouth

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30
Q

Chewing action

A

Mastication

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31
Q

Space between the teeth, cheeks, and lips

A

Oral Vestibule

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32
Q

Form the lateral walls of the mouth

A

Cheeks

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33
Q

Highly mobile structure that surrounds the mouth opening

A

Lips

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34
Q

A thick muscular organ that occupies the floor of the mouth and nearly fills the oral cavity when the mouth is closed

A

Tongue

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35
Q

A membranous fold called the ___ connects the midline of the tongue to the floor of the mouth

A

Lingual Frenulum

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36
Q

The tongue has rough projections called

A

Papillae

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37
Q

The root of the tongue is anchored to the

A

Hyoid Bone

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38
Q

The tongue is covered with lymphatic tissue called

A

Lingual Tissue

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39
Q

Forms the roof of the oral cavity and consists of a hard anterior part and a soft posterior part

A

Palate

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40
Q

The ____ is formed by the palatine posses of the maxillae in front and the horizontal portions of the palatine bones in the back

A

Hard Palate

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41
Q

The ___ forms a muscular arch, which extends posteriorly and downward as a cone-shaped projection called uvula

A

Soft Palate

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42
Q

During swallowing, muscles draw the ___ and the ____ upward. This action closes the oping between the ____ and the ___ preventing food from entering the nasal cavity

A

Soft palate
Uvula
Nasal Cavity
Pharynx

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43
Q

Masses of lymphatic tissue called ___ are the posterior wall of the pharynx above the border f soft palate

A

Pharyngeal Tonsils

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44
Q

The ___ are the hardest structures in the body

A

Teeth

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45
Q

In the back of the mouth, on either side of the tongue and closely associated with the palate, are masses of lymphatic tissue called

A

Palatine Tonsils

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46
Q

Teeth develop within sockets in the ____ of the ___ and ___

A

Alveolar Processes
Mandible
Maxillae

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47
Q

The first set of teeth, the primary teeth usually erupt through the gums at regular intervals between the ages of __ and __

A

6 months

2 to 4 Years

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48
Q

The 10 primary teeth are anchored in each jaw from the midline towards the sides in the following sequence

A

Central Incisor, Lateral Incisor, Canine, First Molar and Second Molar

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49
Q

The secondary set consists of 32 teeth 16 in each and they are arranged from the midline as follows

A

Central Incisor, Lateral Incisor, Canine, First Premolar, Second Premolar, First Molar, Second and Third Molar

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50
Q

The secondary teeth usually begin to erupt at 6 years of age, but the set may not be completed until the third molars emerge between ___

A

17 and 25 Years of age

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51
Q

Third molars are also called

A

Wisdom Teeth

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52
Q

The sharp edges of the ____ bite off large pieces of food

A

chisel-shaped incisors

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53
Q

The ___ grasp and tear food

A

cone-shaped canines

54
Q

The flattened surfaces the __ and ___ grind food particles

A

Premolars

Molars

55
Q

Each tooth consists of two main parts- The __ which projects beyond the gum, and the __ which anchored to the alveolar process of the jaw

A

Crown

Root

56
Q

Glossy white __ covers the crown

A

Enamel

57
Q

___ mainly consists of calcium salts and is the hardest substance in the body

A

Enamel

58
Q

The bulk of a tooth beneath the enamel is composed of living cellular tissue called ___ is similar to bone but harder

A

Destin

59
Q

___ is a mass of tissue including blood vessels, nerves, and connective tissue

A

Pulp

60
Q

Blood vessels and nerves reach the ____ through ____, which extend into the ___

A

Central Cavity
Tubular Root Canals
Root

61
Q

A thin layer of a bone-like material called ___ surrounded by a periodontal ligament encloses the root

A

Cementum

62
Q

_____ composed of collagen passes between the cementum and the bone of the alveolar process, firmly attaching the tooth to the jaw

A

Periodontal Ligament

63
Q

The salivary glands secrete

A

Saliva

64
Q

____ in the saliva helps buffer acid in the mouth, keeping the PH near neutral, between __ and __

A

Bicarbonate Ions

  1. 5
  2. 5
65
Q

Many minor salivary glands are scattered throughout the mucosa of the ____, ____, and ____

A

Tongue
Palate
Cheeks

66
Q

The 3 pairs of major salivary glands are the _____, the ____, and the ____

A

Parotid Glands
Submandibular Glands
Sublingual Glands

67
Q

The different salivary glands have varying proportions of 2 types of ____, ____, and ____

A

Secretory Cells
Serous Cells
Mucous Cells

68
Q

Serous cells produce a watery fluid that contains a digestive enzyme called

A

Salivary Amylase

69
Q

Splits starch and glycogen molecules into disaccharides, starting the chemical digestion of carbohydrates

A

Salivary Amylase

70
Q

Mucous cells secrete a thick liquid called ____ which binds food particles and acts as a lubricant during swallowing

A

Mucus

71
Q

The ______ are the largest of the major salivary glands

A

Parotid Glands

72
Q

Each _____ lies anterior to and somewhat inferior to each ear, between the skin of the cheek and the masseter

A

Parotid Gland

73
Q

A _____ passes from the Parotid gland inward through the buccinator muscle, entering the mouth just opposite the upper second molar on either side of the jaw

A

Parotid Duct

74
Q

The ______ are in the floor of the mouth on the inside surface of the mandible

A

Submandibular Glands

75
Q

______ secrete a more viscous fluid than the parotid gland

A

Submandibular Glands

76
Q

The _____ are the smallest of the major salivary glands

A

Sublingual Glands

77
Q

The _____ is the space posterior to the nasal cavity, oral cavity, and larynx

A

Pharynx

78
Q

The ____ extends from the nasal cavity to the ____

A

Pharynx

Esophagus

79
Q

The _____ is superior to the soft pate

A

Nasopharynx

80
Q

The ____ communicates with the nasal cavity and provides a passageway for air during breathing

A

Nasopharynx

81
Q

The ______ which connect the pharynx with the middle ears, open through the walls of the nasopharynx

A

Auditory Tubes

82
Q

The _____ is posterior to the oral cavity

A

Oropharynx

83
Q

_____ is posterior to the soft palate and inferior to the ____, projecting downward to the upper border of the epiglottis

A

Oropharynx

Nasopharynx

84
Q

The ____ is a passageway food moving downward from the mouth and for air moving to and from the nasal cavity

A

Oropharynx

85
Q

The _____ is posterior to the larynx and inferior to the ______

A

Laryngopharynx

Oropharynx

86
Q

The _____ extent from the upper border of the epiglottis downward to the lower border of the cricoid cartilage of the larynx and is a passageway to the esophagus

A

Laryngopharynx

87
Q

The circular muscles in the walls of the pharynx called ____ pull the walls inward during swallowing

A

Constrictor Muscles

88
Q

The _______, attached to bony processes of the skull and mandible curve around the upper part of the pharynx

A

Superior Constrictor Muscles

89
Q

The ____ arise from projections of the hyoid bone and fan around the middle of the pharynx

A

Middle Constrictor Muscles

90
Q

The ____ originate from cartilage of the larynx and pass around the lower portion of the pharyngeal cavity

A

Inferior Constrictor Muscles

91
Q

A flaplike structure attached to the larynx called the _____ closes off the top of the trachea so that food is less likely to enter the trachea

A

Epiglottis

92
Q

The _____ is a straight, collapsible tube about 25 centimeters long

A

Esophagus

93
Q

The _____ provide a passageway for food and its muscular wall propels food from the pharynx to the stomach

A

Esophagus

94
Q

The _____ begins at the base of the laryngopharynx and descends through the thorax posterior to the trachea, passing through the mediastinum

A

Esophagus

95
Q

The esophagus penetrates the diaphragm through an opening, the _____ and the abdominal side of the diaphragm

A

Esophageal Hiatus

96
Q

______ are scattered throughout the submucosa of the esophagus

A

Mucous Glands

97
Q

Just superior to the point where the esophagus joins the stomach, some of the cells of the circular smooth muscle layer have increased sympathetic muscle tone and form the ______ or cardiac sphincter

A

Lower Esophageal Sphincter

98
Q

The _____ closes the entrance to the stomach, preventing regurgitation of the stomach contents into the esophagus.

A

Sphincter

99
Q

When _____ in the esophagus reach the stomach, the ____ temporarily relaxes and allows the swallowed food to enter

A

Peristaltic Waves

Sphincter

100
Q

The ______ is a J-shaped, pouchlike organ, about 25-30 centimeters long, which hangs inferior to the diaphragm in the upper-left portion of the abdominal cavity

A

Stomach

101
Q

The _______ has a capacity of about one liter or more

A

Stomach

102
Q

The _____ inner lining has thick gastric folds of the mucosal and submucosal layers that unfold when the wall is distended.

A

Stomach

103
Q

The ____ receive food from the esophagus mixes it with gastric juice, initiates the digestion of proteins, carries on limited absorption and moves food into the small intestine

A

Stomach

104
Q

______, Which strengthens the stomach wall and help the mixing and churning

A

Inner Oblique Layer

105
Q

The ______ is the innermost muscular layer and most highly developed near the opening of the esophagus and in the body of the stomach

A

Inner Oblique Layer

106
Q

The ______ is a small area near the esophageal opening

A

Cardia

107
Q

The ______, which balloons superior to the cardia, is a temporary storage area and sometimes fills with swallowed air

A

Fundus

108
Q

The dilated _____, which is the main part of the stomach lies between the fundus and pylorus

A

Body

109
Q

The ______ is the distal portion of the stomach where it approaches the small intestine

A

Pylorus

110
Q

The ______ is a funnel-shaped portion that narrows and becomes the pyloric canal as it approaches the small intestine

A

Pylorus Antrum

111
Q

At the end of the pyloric canal, a thickening of the circular layer of smooth muscle forms the powerful ___

A

Pyloric Sphincter

112
Q

This sphincter acts as a valve that controls gastric emptying into the small intestine

A

Pyloric Sphincter

113
Q

______ is a birth defect in which muscle overgrowth blocks the pyloric canal and causes a newborn to vomit with increased force

A

Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis

114
Q

The mucous membrane that forms the inner lining of the is thick. Its surface is studded with many small opening, called ______ that are located at the ends of tubular _______

A

Gastric Pits

Gastric Glands

115
Q

The ______, found in the necks of the glands near the openings of the gastric pits, secretes mucus

A

Mucous Cells

116
Q

The ______ secrete digestive enzymes, and the parietal cells release a solution containing hydrochloric acid

A

Chief Cells

117
Q

The secretions from the mucous cells, chief cells, and parietal cells together form _____

A

Gastric Juice

118
Q

________ is by far the most important of the digestive enzymes in gastric juice

A

Pepsin

119
Q

The chief cell secret pepsin in the form of an inactive, nonerosive enzyme precursor called

A

Pepsinogen

120
Q

When pepsinogen contacts the hydrochloric acid from the parietal cells, it breaks down rapidly and forms the active enzyme called _________

A

Pepsin

121
Q

Gastric juice contains small quantities of a fat-splitting enzyme, ______. Its action is inhibited somewhat by the low pH of gastric juice

A

Gastric Lipase

122
Q

The parietal cells of the gastric glands secrete ______, which is necessary for vitamin B12 absorption from the small intestine

A

Intrinsic Factor

123
Q

The gastric glands, specialized cells closely associated with the parietal cells secrete the hormone _____, which inhibits acid secretion

A

Somatostatin

124
Q

Gastric secretion occurs in 3 stages _____, ______, and ____ phases

A

Cephalic
Gastric
Intestinal

125
Q

The _____ begins before food reaches the stomach and possibly even before eating

A

Cephalic

126
Q

In this stage, parasympathetic reflexes operating through the vagus nerves stimulate gastric secretion at the taste, smell, sight, or thought of food

A

Cephalic

127
Q

The ______ of gastric secretion, which accounts for most of the secretory activity, starts when food enters the stomach

A

Gastric Phase

128
Q

Following a meal, the blood concentration of bicarbonate ions increases, and the urine excretes excess bicarbonate ions. This phenomenon is called the

A

Alkaline Tide

129
Q

The ____ of gastric secretion begins when food leaves the stomach and enter the small intestine.

A

Intestinal Phase

130
Q

When food first contacts the intestinal wall, it stimulates intestinal cells to release a hormone, ________, that briefly enhances gastric gland secretion

A

Intestinal gastrin

131
Q

An _____ is an open sore in the skin or a mucous membrane resulting from localized tissue breakdown

A

Ulcer

132
Q

In 1982, two Australian researchers boldly suggested that stomach infection by the bacterium ______ causes gastric ulcers

A

Helicobacter Pylori

biology 202 (1 decks)

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