Chapter 17 Flashcards
Connectice tissue
Implies that tissue connects parts of the body together, a
Where does the various types of connective tissue originate
Mesoderm
General connective tissue
Compromised of cells, fibers, ground substance, and extracellular fluid
Subdivided into irregular connective tissue and regular tissue
Ground substance
fluidlike material
Extracellular fluid
filtrate of blood plasma
Irregular connective tissue
Epithelium has no blood vessels
Named because its fibers run in all directions
Fibroblast
one of the cells that sprouts or forms fibers (collagen fibers)
These attach the tooth to its socket
Collagen fibers
Tissue lymphocyte
Cells present in the connective tissue that produce antibodies to fight off or resist certain microorganisms or foreign substances
B-lymphocyte
orginates from bone marrow and then passes to many lymphoid organs, such as the spleen, lymph nodes, etc
T-lymphocyte
originates from bone marrow but then migrates to the thymus gland
Macrophage
acts as scavengers and devour dying cells and microorganisms
Fat cells (adipocyte)
producing adipose tissue (fat cells)
Regular connective tissue
The collagen fibers run parallel with one another with fibroblasts squeezed between them
Found as tendons and ligaments
Tendons attatch
Muscle to bone
Ligaments attach
Bone to bone
Special connective tissues
cartilage
bone
blood
Cartilage
A noncalcified supporting component of the body
Composed of chondroblasts or chrondrocytes
Three types of cartilage
Fibrocartilage, elastic cartilage, and hyaline cartilage
Fibrocartilage
Functions as a cushioning substance
Found in intervertebral discs between vertebrae of the spinal column, and the TMJ
Elastic cartilage
Found in the firm but flexible part of the ear as well as the epiglottis over the larynx and septum of the nose
Hyaline cartilage
Firmer and can be seen in the larynx, trachea, and certain parts of bones
How many ways does cartilage grow
2 (appositional and interstital)
Appositional growth
Grows by adding to its surface
Interstitial growth
chondrocytes found inside the cartilage undergo cell division and enlargement and cause growth from within
Without this it would not be possible for long bones of the body to grow in length
Bone
Osteoblasts or osteocytes
Hydroxyapatite
Microscopic crystals in bone
Intramembraneous bone formation
Bone forms in regular connective tissue by some of the mesenchymal cells becoming osteoblast cells. They are surrounded by periosteum
Endochondral formation
Cartilage is first formed, covered by perichondrium. Cartilage is then invaded by bone cells, which replace the cartilage with bone. Bone replaces the cartilage in two end sections called epiphyses and a center section the diaphysis. The epiphyseal plate is between these.
Epiphyseal plate
Block of cartilage between the epiphysis and diaphysis
What happens when the pituitary gland stops producing growth hormone
The epiphyseal plate disappears and the bone is no longer in three sections but unites as one
Bone structure
50% hydroxyapatite crystals with the rest collagen, ground substance, and water
Cortical bone (plate)
Hard structure between the periosteum and the marrow cavity
Osteoclasts
Bone-destroying cells
Cardiovascular system
Blood carried by the arteries, veins, capillaries, as well as the heart that pumps it
Two components blood is made up of
Fluid part and cellular part
Fluid part of blood
plasma
Cellular part of blood
divided into red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets
Red blood cells
Every cubic millimeter of blood contains 4.5 to 5 million red blood cells
Bi-concave discs
Contain hemoglobin
Hemoglobin
Iron-containing element
Has the ability to attach oxygen molecules to its structure and carry them from the lungs to the cells where oxygen is needed
Like span of red blood cells
4 months
Anemia
Any significant decrease in the number of red blood cells, or their ability to carry oxygen
Sickle cell anemia
In African Americans
Red blood cell is C shaped rather than round and lacks sufficient hemoglobin
