Chapter 17 Flashcards
What are the four basic tissues in the body?
- epithelium
- connective tissue
- muscle
- nervous tissue
the wall in the cell structure that functions to keep the cellular fluid in and unnecessary foreign materials out.
Cell membrane
The area inside the cell membrane is a fluid medium know as what?
Cytoplasm
the master control of the cell, it contains (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA), which control the operation of the cells.
Nucleus
A circumscribed dense area within the nucleus
Nucleolus
Where is DNA found?
Chromosomes
Where is RNA found?
Within the nucleolus
What is the function of the RNA?
to carry genetic information or instructions from the DNA to the manufacturing parts of the cell
Small functioning parts of the cell that allow the cell to remain alive and carry out its particular function
Organelles
responsible for energy production and for the rate at which the cell uses energy—commonly known as metabolism
Mitochondria
series of interconnecting tubules in the cell that are responsible for the manufacture of various products to be used inside or outside the cell
endoplasmic reticulum
produces a thin membrane to surround the material produced by the endoplasmic reticulum so it can be moved around
Golgi apparatus
a group of cells that make up the skin and lines the inside of the cavities of the body
Epithelium
What are the two epithelium classifications according to the number cell layers?
- Single-layered: Simple Epithelium
2. Multiple-layered: Stratified Epithelium
- Squamous (flat)
- Found in the lining of lungs, blood vessels, abdominal cavity, thoracic cavity, and lymphatic cells.
- Allow for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the linings of the lungs and the capillaries of the lungs.
Simple Squamous Epithelium
- Either cuboidal or rectangular
- Only one thick layer, much thicker than squamous layer
- Lines the digestive tract from the stomach to anal region
- The main function is absorption of the break-down products within the digestive tract
SIMPLE CUBOIDAL/SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
Where are cuboidal cells found?
the ducts of various glands, such as kidneys, salivary glands, pancreas, and others.
“falsely layers epithelium”
- Seen in several areas of the body, MOST PROMINENT IN THE RESPIRATORY TRACT*
- Has many goblet cells intermixed with the epithelium*
- Secretes a mucous substance and lubricates the surface of the epithelium for a number of functions*
- has cilia that traps contaminants in the air from passing through the respiratory passages*
PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
Three different layers of the stratified squamous epithelium:
- Stratum basale
- Stratum spinosum
- Stratum granulosum
Stratified cuboidal/columnar epithelium:
Generally only found in forming large ducts of glands.
Transitional epithelium
It changes in thickness and appearance as the need arises, multiple layers of cells and varying in thickness, & found in the urinary system
Stratified squamous epithelium
!!MOST COMMON!!
As skin covers it the body and also makes up the mucosa of the oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, and anal region.
What are the different layers of the stratified squamous epithelium?????
- stratum basale
- stratum spinosum
- stratum granulosum
- stratum corneum
Three different situations that can be seen in the stratum corneum layer?
non-karatinized
para-keratinized
keratinized
whose products carried away by ducts leading from the gland
exocrine glands
whose ducts are lost after the gland develops and whose products are carried away from the gland in the bloodstream
endocrine glands
What glands are an example of exocrine glands?
salivary glands
Salivary glands producing the following types of secretions:
- Serous secretion
- Mucous secretion
- Seromucous secretion
a thin watery substance containing most of the digestive enzymes found in saliva
Serous Secretion
a thicker, more viscous substance
Mucous secretion
produced by may of the glands that have both serous and mucous cells, in varying quantities within the same gland
Seromucous secretion
outer layer of the epithelial cells
ectoderm
inner layer of epithelial cells
entoderm
middle layer of epithelial cells
mesoderm
Varies in its number of cell rows from two or three to ten or more
Stratum spinosum
Evident in thick skin and appears as two or three layers of flattened cells that contain granules or spots within their cytoplasm
Stratum granulosum
single layers of cuboidal cells that rests in the basement membrane. Cells divide and form more cells to maintain the supply and replace the cells that are lost
Stratum basale
