Chapter 17/18: The End of the 18th Century

Question 1

What composers exemplified (are the best examples of) classical music?

Answer 1

Haydn and Mozart

Question 2

What are Haydn and Mozart credited with?

Answer 2

Developing and perfecting classical symphony and string quartet

Question 3

Franz Joseph Haydn

Answer 3

-Esterhazy family
-Hoboken (first thematic catalogue of Haydn’s music)
-Father of the String Quartet (wrote +/- 76)
-Father of the Symphony (wrote 104)

Question 4

Who was the Father of the String Quartet?

Answer 4

Haydn
-wrote +/- 76
-Opus 33
(Minuet renamed as Scherzo)
(“an entirely new and special style”)

Question 5

Who was the Father of the Symphony?

Answer 5

Haydn
-wrote 104
-False reprise (or false recap)
-12 London Symphonies

Question 6

What is a false reprise?

Answer 6

1st theme returns (probably in different key) then is abandoned to continue development

Question 7

The London Symphonies

Answer 7

-Haydn
-Nos. 93-104
-Begin w/slow intro w/dotted rhythms (typically associated with French Overture)
-Development of thematic material throughout
-2 trumpets and timpani (these instruments becoming standard in the orchestra)
-Cellos independant of Bass
-2 Clarinets (AND possibly Oboes, no longer just an either/or)

Question 8

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Answer 8

-Greatly Influenced by Johann Christian Bach
-Independent composer (didn’t belong to a family like Haydn)
-Köchel (catalogue)
-Distinctive Style
-String Quartets
-Concerto
-Opera
-Symphony
-Keyboard Sonata
-Requiem Mass

Question 9

In what ways did Johann Christian Bach influence Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart?

Answer 9

(1) Singing Allegro Lines
(2) Tasteful use of appoggiatura and triplet
(3) Harmonic ambiguities
(4) Thematic contrasts

Question 10

Describe Mozart’s distinctive style.

Answer 10

-Lyric melodies
-Seldom repeated phrases
-Slow introductions were rare
-Chromaticism (both melodic and chromatic)
-Chamber music - all parts become equal

Question 11

How did Mozart achieve his goal of seldomly repeating phrases?

Answer 11

He would make changes in:
-ornamentation
-rhythm
-harmony
-dynamics

Question 12

What were Mozart’s contributions to the String Quartet?

Answer 12

-Wrote 27
-6 Haydn Quartets are his finest
-All parts becoming equal

Question 13

What were Mozart’s contributions to the Concerto?

Answer 13

-Mozart’s chief contribution to instrumental music is the perfection of classical concerto structure
-Piano was instrument of choice
-Demonstrate innovative writing

Question 14

What were Mozart’s contributions to the Opera?

Answer 14

-Opera was the most important public genre in the 18th century
-Lorenzo Da Ponte - librettist
-Marriage of Figaro
-Don Giovanni
-Cosi fan tutte
-The Magic Flute

Question 15

Marriage of Figaro

Answer 15

-Mozart
-Greatest of all Comic Opera
-Commedia per musica (comedy through music) (NOT opera bufa according to Mozart)
-Musical score guides musicians (lots of notes in score to guide performers)
-Sonata form throughout
-Best example of his ensemble writing

Question 16

Don Giovanni

Answer 16

-Mozart
-Drama giocoso (non tragic drama)
-Dark humor (highlighted in d minor)
-Continuous music throughout serious sections
-Secco recitative in comic scenes

Question 17

Cosi fan tutte

Answer 17

-Mozart
-Opera buffa (specifically labeled by Mozart)

Question 18

The Magic Flute

Answer 18

-Mozart
-Singspiel (spoken dialogue w/humorous scenes)
-Key association (G=comedic characters, F=church, etc.)
-First of modern German operas
-Helped establish the German national opera

Question 19

What were Mozart’s contributions to the Symphony?

Answer 19

-wrote 50 total
-demonstrate development of his compositional skill and changes in style

Question 20

What compositional skills and changes in Mozart’s writing can be observed through his symphonies?

Answer 20

-Singing allegro lines
-Rhythmic variety
-Harmonic ambiguity
-Thematic contrasts
-rarely slow intros
-more diaglogue between sections

Question 21

What were Mozart’s contributions to the Keyboard Sonata?

Answer 21

-wrote 18 [16-20]
-3 mvts:
1) sonata form w/contrasting themes
2) adagio or adante - expressive lyricism
3) Lively Rondo

Question 22

What were Mozart’s contributions to the Requiem Mass?

Answer 22

• His crowning achievement in sacred music
  -Finished Introit and Kyrie
  -Draft score for 8 sections (voice parts, figured bass, chosen instrumentation); Sussmayr completed the work from Mozart’s sketches