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Cell Bio And Genetics > Chapter 17 > Flashcards

Chapter 17 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is recombinant DNA?

A

a single DNA molecule made from two different sources

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2
Q

What is biotechnology based on?

A

enzymes that can be used to manipulate DNA

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3
Q

What are restriction enzymes?

A

enzymes the cleave DNA at specific sites

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4
Q

What type of restriction enzyme cleave at precise locations and help make recombinant DNA?

A

Type II restriction enzymes

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5
Q

How do Type II Restriction enzymes cleave DNA?

A

They cleave DNA is sequences of 4 to 12 bases at a specific base in the sequence creating a palindrome with “sticky ends” to combine the strands to new DNA

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6
Q

What forms stable phosphodiester bonds between 2 DNA molecules separated by a restriction enzyme?

A

DNA Ligase

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7
Q

DNA is cut by a restriction enzyme in a ________ reaction

A

Digestion

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8
Q

What is Gel Electrophoresis?

A

A process that isolates DNA fragments by using a electrical field to pull DNA though a gel separating the fragment by size to then be cut from the gel and used to make recombinant DNA

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9
Q

What does DNA ligase join together?

A

complementary ends of DNA or “sticky ends”

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10
Q

What host organism is often used to stably replicate recombinant DNA?

A

E. coli

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11
Q

What is transformation?

A

The introduction of DNA from an outside source into a cell

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12
Q

What is molecular cloning?

A

isolation of a specific DNA sequence to be replicated using a host cell and vector

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13
Q

What is a vector?

A

a living organism that carries and transmits a disease-causing agent (pathogen) from one infected individual to another, essentially acting as a carrier for the disease

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14
Q

What does the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) do?

A

accelerates the construction of recombinant DNA molecules

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15
Q

What is the amplification cycle steps used in the PCR?

A
  1. Denaturation (heat is added)
  2. Annealing of primers (temp is lowered so primers can bind)
    3.Extension (temp is raised to allow DNA synthesis)
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16
Q

What thermostable DNA polymerase is used in the PCR?

A

Taq Polymerase

17
Q

What does the PCR process include?

A

-double stranded DNA with target sequence to serve as template
-Taq polymerase
-Primers
-Deoxynucleotides (dATP, etc.)
-PCR Buffer

18
Q

What is reverse transcription?

A

copying RNA into DNA

19
Q

What is DNA made from copying mRNA called?

A

complementary DNA (cDNA)

20
Q

What enzyme makes complementary DNA in reverse transcription?

A

reverse transcriptase (RT)

21
Q

What is used as a template for PCR?

A

cDNA

22
Q

What is quantitative RT-PCR and qPCR?

A

techniques that combine reverse transcription and quantitative PCR to measure RNA and determine gene expression

23
Q

What does quantitative RT-PCR and qPCR involve?

A

Isolating mRNA, converting to cDNA, then using PCR to amplify specific cDNAs (can be quantitated using dyes and probes)

24
Q

What is the difference between quantitative RT-PCR and qPCR?

A

RT-PCR amplifies RNA targets, while qPCR quantifies the amount of DNA produced during amplification

25
Q

Why is PCR techniques more efficient than using a vector to clone DNA?

A

They are quicker and cheaper

26
Q

How is PCR used in diagnostic tests?

A

by identifying nucleic acids found in infectious agents

27
Q

What does fingerprint forensics use to identify people?

A

short tandem repeat (STRs) sequences that vary among people in there fingerprints

28
Q

What is RNA interference (RNAi)

A

a process that silences genes by degrading mRNA (can be used to reduce the amount of a gene product in a cell)

29
Q

How does RNAi work?

A

siRNA targets and binds to a specific part of mRNA that is then degraded with the help of the RISC protein complex

30
Q

What does transgenic mean?

A

an animal containing a gene that has been introduced without conventional breeding

31
Q

What is CRISPR-Cas9?

A

A genome editing tool that allows DNA modification by using a guide RNA to direct the Cas9 enzyme to a specific DNA sequence to cut DNA

32
Q

What are the medical applications of biotechnology?

A

medically important proteins can be produced in bacteria using recombinant DNA

33
Q

What is Immunoassays?

A

biochemical tests that use antibodies or antigens to measure the presence or concentration of molecules in a solution (pregnancy or covid tests)

Cell Bio And Genetics (6 decks)

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