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A&P II > Chapter 17 > Flashcards

Chapter 17 Flashcards

1
Q

How does blood exit the heart?

A

arteries

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2
Q

Arteries branch into what?

A

capillaries

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3
Q

_____ and _____ move from the tissues to the capillaries

A

CO2 and waste

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4
Q

What carries blood in need of oxygen back to the heart?

A

veins

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5
Q

What do capillaries contain?

A

O2 and nutrients such as:
- carbs
- amino acids
- fats

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6
Q

What are the 3 functions of blood?

A

transport, protect, and regulate

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7
Q

RBCs and plasma deliver _____ and _____ to body cells

A

O2 and nutrients

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8
Q

What wastes does blood transport to the kidneys and lungs for elimination?

A

CO2, drugs, small solutes

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9
Q

What transports hormones from endocrine organs to target organs?

A

plasma

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10
Q

_____ and _____ in blood initiate clot formation

A

plasma proteins (clotting factors and platelets

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11
Q

What 3 agents of immunity are carried in the blood?

A
  • white blood cells
  • complement proteins
  • antibodies
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12
Q

What is specific heat capacity?

A

the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1g of substance by 1 degree Celsius

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13
Q

How does blood maintain normal pH levels?

A

buffers:
- bicarbonate

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14
Q

Blood is made of _____ and _____ ______

A

plasma and formed elements

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15
Q

What are the formed elements made of?

A
  • erythrocytes
  • leukocytes
  • thrombocytes
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16
Q

What are red blood cells called?

A

erythrocytes

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17
Q

What are white blood cells called?

A

leukocytes

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18
Q

What are platelets called?

A

thrombocytes

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19
Q

What are the 3 layers of blood?

A
  • RBCs
  • buffy coat
  • plasma
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20
Q

What percentage of blood is made up of erythrocytes?

A

45%

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21
Q

What is hematocrit?

A

the percentage of blood volume made up of erythrocytes

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22
Q

What is a normal male hematocrit?

A

47% +/- 5%

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23
Q

What is a normal female hematocrit

A

42% +/- 5%

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24
Q

What makes up the buffy coat?

A

WBCs and platelets

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25
Q

What percentage of blood is made up by the buffy coat?

A

<1%

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26
Q

What percentage of blood is made up by plasma?

A

55%

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27
Q

What color would high oxygenated blood appear as?

A

scarlet (bright) red

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28
Q

What color would low oxygenated blood appear as?

A

dark red

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29
Q

What is the pH range for blood?

A

7.35 - 7.45 (7.4 +/- 0.5)

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30
Q

What percentage of body weight is made up by blood?

A

8%

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31
Q

What is the average blood volume for males?

A

5-6L

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32
Q

What is the average blood volume for females?

A

4-5L

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33
Q

Plasma is 90% _____

A

water

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34
Q

What is the most abundant solute found in plasma?

A

plasma proteins

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35
Q

What plasma protein makes up 60% of plasma proteins?

A

albumin

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36
Q

What are 3 functions of albumin?

A
  • carrier of hormones and drugs
  • blood buffer
  • contributes to plasma osmotic pressure
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37
Q

Do RBCs contain nuclei or organelles?

A

NO

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38
Q

What are platelets made of?

A

megakaryocytes

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39
Q

Most blood cells originate in _____ _____

A

bone marrow

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40
Q

Do blood cells divide?

A

NO

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41
Q

What cells divide in red bone marrow to replace blood cells?

A

stem cells

42
Q

Why are RBCs good for gas transport?

A

they have a small diameter

43
Q

What plasma protein provides flexibility for RBCs?

44
Q

What makes up 97% of RBC volume?

A

hemoglobin

45
Q

What is a benefit from having no mitochondria (RBCs)?

A

they don’t consume the O2 they transport

46
Q

Hemoglobin binds _____ with oxygen

A

reversibly

47
Q

What is a normal Hb value for males?

A

13 - 18g/100mL

48
Q

What is a normal Hb value for females?

A

12 - 16g/100mL

49
Q

What does the red pigment heme bind to?

A

the protein globin

50
Q

How man peptide chains does globin have?

51
Q

Each heme _____ _____ binds to one O2

52
Q

What hemoglobin is produced when loading O2 in the lungs?

A

oxyhemoglobin (ruby red)

53
Q

What hemoglobin is produced when unloading O2 in the tissues?

A

deoxyhemoglobin (dark red)

54
Q

What hemoglobin is produced when loading CO2 into the tissues?

A

carbaminohemoglobin

55
Q

What is hematopoiesis

A

formation of all blood cells

56
Q

Hematopoiesis occurs in _____ bone marrow

57
Q

Where is red bone marrow found in adults?

A
  • axial skeleton
  • girdles
  • humerus
  • femur
58
Q

What are hematopoietic stem cells called?

A

hemocytoblasts

59
Q

New blood cells enter:

A

blood sinusoids

60
Q

Bone marrow transplants occur in:

A

sternum and hips

61
Q

What is erythropoiesis?

A

formation of RBCs

62
Q

What are the 6 steps of erythropoiesis?

A
  • hematopoietic stem cell
  • myeloid stem cell
  • proerythroblast
  • basophilic erythroblasts (blue), polychromatic erythroblasts (red), orthochromatic erythroblasts (pink)
  • reticulocytes
  • mature erythrocyte
63
Q

What is hypoxia?

A

too few RBCs

64
Q

What is the reason for increased blood viscocity?

A

too many RBCs

65
Q

What is erythropoietin (EPO)?

A

hormone that stimulates formation of RBCs; released in response to hypoxia

66
Q

Because there are too few RBCs due to hypoxia, there is less O2 in the cells. Without oxygen, kidneys can not degrade _____

A

hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)

67
Q

HIF triggers synthesis of _____

68
Q

What are some causes of hypoxia?

A
  • hemorrhage
  • iron deficiency
  • high altitudes or lung issues (pneumonia)
69
Q

What hormone enhances EPO production causing higher RBC counts in males?

A

testosterone

70
Q

What percentage of iron in the body is found in hemoglobin?

71
Q

Free iron ions are bound with proteins such as _____ and _____

A

keratin and hemociderin

72
Q

What protein bound to iron is transported in the blood?

A

transferrin

73
Q

What is the life span of RBCs?

A

100-120 days (3.5 months)

74
Q

Dying RBCs are engulfed by _____

A

macrophages

75
Q

Globin metabolizes into _____ _____

A

amino acids

76
Q

Heme is degraded into _____

77
Q

What is anemia?

A

blood has an abnormally low O2-carrying capacity

78
Q

Symptoms of anemia include:

A
  • fatigue
  • pallor
  • dyspnea
  • chills
79
Q

What anemias are caused by blood loss?

A
  • acute hemorrhagic anemia: rapid blood loss
  • chronic hemorrhagic anemia: hemorrhoids, ulcers
80
Q

What anemias are caused by low RBC count?

A
  • iron deficiency anemia: produces microcytes (small RBCs)
  • pernicious anemia: autoimmune disease that destroys intrinsic factor (absorbs B12), produces macrocytes
  • renal anemia: lack of EPO in kidneys
81
Q

What anemias are caused by RBCs being destroyed?

A
  • thalassemias: one faulty/absent globin chain resulting in thin RBCs
  • sickle-cell anemia: hemoglobin S (mutated) results in crescent shaped RBCs
  • polycythemia: excess of RBCs, resulting in sluggish blood
82
Q

How do leukocytes leave capillaries?

A

diapedesis

83
Q

What is leukocytosis?

A
  • WBC count over 11,000 microliters
  • normal infectious response
84
Q

What are the 3 granulocytes?

A
  • neutrophils
  • eosinophils
  • basophils
85
Q

What are the 2 agranulocytes?

A
  • lymphocytes
  • monocytes
86
Q

Decreasing abundance in blood:
Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas

A

neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils

87
Q

Neutrophils are very phagocytic. They are referred to as “_____ _____”

A

bacteria slayers

88
Q

What granulocyte plays a role in allergies as well as releases enzymes on parasitic viruses?

A

eosinophils

89
Q

What granulocyte contains histamine and appears purplish black?

90
Q

Which agranulocyte is mostly found in lymphoid tissue?

A

lymphocytes

91
Q

Which agranulocyte is phagocytic?

92
Q

What are T lymphocytes?

A

T cells that fight tumor and virus-infected cells

93
Q

What are B lymphocytes

A

B cells that make plasma cells to produce antbodies

94
Q

T lymphocytes mature in the _____

95
Q

B lymphocytes mature in _____ _____ _____

A

red bone marrow

96
Q

What is a low WBC count called?

A

leukopenia

97
Q

What is acute leukemia?

A

derives from stem cells and affects children

98
Q

What is chronic leukemia?

A

prevalent in old people

99
Q

What is infectious mononucleosis?

A

mono, Epstein Barr virus

A&P II (2 decks)

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