Chapter 17 Flashcards
1
Q
How does blood exit the heart?
A
arteries
2
Q
Arteries branch into what?
A
capillaries
3
Q
_____ and _____ move from the tissues to the capillaries
A
CO2 and waste
4
Q
What carries blood in need of oxygen back to the heart?
A
veins
5
Q
What do capillaries contain?
A
O2 and nutrients such as:
- carbs
- amino acids
- fats
6
Q
What are the 3 functions of blood?
A
transport, protect, and regulate
7
Q
RBCs and plasma deliver _____ and _____ to body cells
A
O2 and nutrients
8
Q
What wastes does blood transport to the kidneys and lungs for elimination?
A
CO2, drugs, small solutes
9
Q
What transports hormones from endocrine organs to target organs?
A
plasma
10
Q
_____ and _____ in blood initiate clot formation
A
plasma proteins (clotting factors and platelets
11
Q
What 3 agents of immunity are carried in the blood?
A
- white blood cells
- complement proteins
- antibodies
12
Q
What is specific heat capacity?
A
the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1g of substance by 1 degree Celsius
13
Q
How does blood maintain normal pH levels?
A
buffers:
- bicarbonate
14
Q
Blood is made of _____ and _____ ______
A
plasma and formed elements
15
Q
What are the formed elements made of?
A
- erythrocytes
- leukocytes
- thrombocytes
16
Q
What are red blood cells called?
A
erythrocytes
17
Q
What are white blood cells called?
A
leukocytes
18
Q
What are platelets called?
A
thrombocytes
19
Q
What are the 3 layers of blood?
A
- RBCs
- buffy coat
- plasma
20
Q
What percentage of blood is made up of erythrocytes?
A
45%
21
Q
What is hematocrit?
A
the percentage of blood volume made up of erythrocytes
22
Q
What is a normal male hematocrit?
A
47% +/- 5%
23
Q
What is a normal female hematocrit
A
42% +/- 5%
24
Q
What makes up the buffy coat?
A
WBCs and platelets
25
What percentage of blood is made up by the buffy coat?
<1%
26
What percentage of blood is made up by plasma?
55%
27
What color would high oxygenated blood appear as?
scarlet (bright) red
28
What color would low oxygenated blood appear as?
dark red
29
What is the pH range for blood?
7.35 - 7.45 (7.4 +/- 0.5)
30
What percentage of body weight is made up by blood?
8%
31
What is the average blood volume for males?
5-6L
32
What is the average blood volume for females?
4-5L
33
Plasma is 90% _____
water
34
What is the most abundant solute found in plasma?
plasma proteins
35
What plasma protein makes up 60% of plasma proteins?
albumin
36
What are 3 functions of albumin?
- carrier of hormones and drugs
- blood buffer
- contributes to plasma osmotic pressure
37
Do RBCs contain nuclei or organelles?
NO
38
What are platelets made of?
megakaryocytes
39
Most blood cells originate in _____ _____
bone marrow
40
Do blood cells divide?
NO
41
What cells divide in red bone marrow to replace blood cells?
stem cells
42
Why are RBCs good for gas transport?
they have a small diameter
43
What plasma protein provides flexibility for RBCs?
spectrin
44
What makes up 97% of RBC volume?
hemoglobin
45
What is a benefit from having no mitochondria (RBCs)?
they don't consume the O2 they transport
46
Hemoglobin binds _____ with oxygen
reversibly
47
What is a normal Hb value for males?
13 - 18g/100mL
48
What is a normal Hb value for females?
12 - 16g/100mL
49
What does the red pigment heme bind to?
the protein globin
50
How man peptide chains does globin have?
4
51
Each heme _____ _____ binds to one O2
iron atom
52
What hemoglobin is produced when loading O2 in the lungs?
oxyhemoglobin (ruby red)
53
What hemoglobin is produced when unloading O2 in the tissues?
deoxyhemoglobin (dark red)
54
What hemoglobin is produced when loading CO2 into the tissues?
carbaminohemoglobin
55
What is hematopoiesis
formation of all blood cells
56
Hematopoiesis occurs in _____ bone marrow
red
57
Where is red bone marrow found in adults?
- axial skeleton
- girdles
- humerus
- femur
58
What are hematopoietic stem cells called?
hemocytoblasts
59
New blood cells enter:
blood sinusoids
60
Bone marrow transplants occur in:
sternum and hips
61
What is erythropoiesis?
formation of RBCs
62
What are the 6 steps of erythropoiesis?
- hematopoietic stem cell
- myeloid stem cell
- proerythroblast
- basophilic erythroblasts (blue), polychromatic erythroblasts (red), orthochromatic erythroblasts (pink)
- reticulocytes
- mature erythrocyte
63
What is hypoxia?
too few RBCs
64
What is the reason for increased blood viscocity?
too many RBCs
65
What is erythropoietin (EPO)?
hormone that stimulates formation of RBCs; released in response to hypoxia
66
Because there are too few RBCs due to hypoxia, there is less O2 in the cells. Without oxygen, kidneys can not degrade _____
hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)
67
HIF triggers synthesis of _____
EPO
68
What are some causes of hypoxia?
- hemorrhage
- iron deficiency
- high altitudes or lung issues (pneumonia)
69
What hormone enhances EPO production causing higher RBC counts in males?
testosterone
70
What percentage of iron in the body is found in hemoglobin?
65%
71
Free iron ions are bound with proteins such as _____ and _____
keratin and hemociderin
72
What protein bound to iron is transported in the blood?
transferrin
73
What is the life span of RBCs?
100-120 days (3.5 months)
74
Dying RBCs are engulfed by _____
macrophages
75
Globin metabolizes into _____ _____
amino acids
76
Heme is degraded into _____
bilirubin
77
What is anemia?
blood has an abnormally low O2-carrying capacity
78
Symptoms of anemia include:
- fatigue
- pallor
- dyspnea
- chills
79
What anemias are caused by blood loss?
- acute hemorrhagic anemia: rapid blood loss
- chronic hemorrhagic anemia: hemorrhoids, ulcers
80
What anemias are caused by low RBC count?
- iron deficiency anemia: produces microcytes (small RBCs)
- pernicious anemia: autoimmune disease that destroys intrinsic factor (absorbs B12), produces macrocytes
- renal anemia: lack of EPO in kidneys
81
What anemias are caused by RBCs being destroyed?
- thalassemias: one faulty/absent globin chain resulting in thin RBCs
- sickle-cell anemia: hemoglobin S (mutated) results in crescent shaped RBCs
- polycythemia: excess of RBCs, resulting in sluggish blood
82
How do leukocytes leave capillaries?
diapedesis
83
What is leukocytosis?
- WBC count over 11,000 microliters
- normal infectious response
84
What are the 3 granulocytes?
- neutrophils
- eosinophils
- basophils
85
What are the 2 agranulocytes?
- lymphocytes
- monocytes
86
Decreasing abundance in blood:
Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas
neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils
87
Neutrophils are very phagocytic. They are referred to as "_____ _____"
bacteria slayers
88
What granulocyte plays a role in allergies as well as releases enzymes on parasitic viruses?
eosinophils
89
What granulocyte contains histamine and appears purplish black?
basophils
90
Which agranulocyte is mostly found in lymphoid tissue?
lymphocytes
91
Which agranulocyte is phagocytic?
monocytes
92
What are T lymphocytes?
T cells that fight tumor and virus-infected cells
93
What are B lymphocytes
B cells that make plasma cells to produce antbodies
94
T lymphocytes mature in the _____
thymus
95
B lymphocytes mature in _____ _____ _____
red bone marrow
96
What is a low WBC count called?
leukopenia
97
What is acute leukemia?
derives from stem cells and affects children
98
What is chronic leukemia?
prevalent in old people
99
What is infectious mononucleosis?
mono, Epstein Barr virus
100
