Chapter 17 Flashcards
The pH of the plasma is regulated directly by the ______.
kidney
The kidneys are anatomically ______.
below the diaphragm and the liver
The
muscle in the urinary bladder wall is responsible for emptying the bladder.
detrusor
The
is the smallest functional unit of the kidney that is responsible for the formation of urine.
nephron
Glomerular filtrate fluid is first derived from ______.
blood plasma
Which of the following is a function of the kidneys?
Regulation of electrolytes
Filtration of materials from the blood into the glomerular or Bowman’s capsule is favored by the relatively high __________ of the _______.
hydrostatic pressure; blood
The
lie on either side of the vertebral column below the diaphragm and liver.
kidneys or kidney
What muscle causes the emptying of the urinary bladder?
Detrusor muscle
Which of the following are intrinsic regulators of GFR or glomerular filtration rate?
Tubuloglomerular feedback
Myogenic constriction of the afferent arteriole
What is the smallest functional unit of the kidney?
A nephron
The typical % of glomerular filtrate which is absorbed before any adjustment of the volume is ______.
85%
What is the fluid entering the glomerular capsule or Bowman’s capsule?
Filtrate
Which of the following favors filtration into the Bowman’s or glomerular capsule of nephron?
High hydrostatic pressure of the blood
Large glomerular surface area
Where are the kidneys located in the body?
On either side of the spine just below the diaphragm and liver
True or false: The total osmolarity of the filtrate is essentially the same as the blood plasma.
True
The glomerular filtration rate is regulated by both extrinsic and intrinsic mechanisms. Which of the following is an extrinsic regulators of GFR?
Sympathetic innervation
_____ occurs when filtered molecules are returned to the blood from the filtrate in the tubules.
Reabsorption
The vasa recta are ______.
blood vessels associated with the nephron loops
The fluid entering the glomerular capsule is called the
because it passes through three layers that serve as selective filters.
filtrate
This tubule region is the ______.
collecting duct
The osmolarity of the filtrate in the Bowman’s or glomerular capsule is _______ the blood plasma osmolarity.
the same as
A substance in the blood can be removed or cleared by the process of
at the glomeruli or through
by the tubular cells into the filtrate.
Blank 1: filtration, filtered, or ultrafiltration
Blank 2: secretion or secreted
The ____ ____ are blood vessels that run parallel to the nephron loops of the juxtamedullary nephrons
vasa recta
The labeled structure is the
duct.
collecting
During secretion, molecules and ions are transported from the _________ to the _________ resulting in a net increase in renal clearance.
peritubular capillaries; renal tubules
The plant compound, a polymer of fructose, that is neither secreted nor reabsorbed by human renal tubules is called:
inulin
What is the renal plasma clearance?
The volume of plasma from which a substance is completely removed in 1 minute by excretion
Clearance in the kidney includes the process(es) of ____.
filtration and secretion
Where is glucose reabsorbed from the filtrate?
Proximal convoluted tubules
The membrane transport process in which molecules and ions are moved out of the peritubular capillaries into the nephron tubule is called
.
secretion
Inulin:
is filtered but not reabsorbed or secreted
is a plant compound
The
is the volume of plasma from which a substance is completely removed in one minute by excretion in the urine.
Blank 1: renal
Blank 2: plasma
Blank 3: clearance
What is the primary hormone responsible for the reabsorption of Na+ and the secretion of K+ by the kidneys?
Aldosterone
Renin:
is an enzyme
catalyzes the conversion and production of angiotensin II
Glucose:
is reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule
is reabsorbed through secondary active transport
Tubular secretion is the movement of the molecules ______.
from the peritubular capillaries to the kidney lumen
The hormone,
, secreted by the adrenal cortex regulates the reabsorption of Na+ and the secretion of K+ by the kidney.
aldosterone
What is renin?
An enzyme that catalyzes the process for the production of angiotensin II
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) ______ blood volume by promoting the secretion of _______ within the nephron.
decreases; sodium
When the blood plasma levels of H+ are low, which of the following is true?
There will be an increase in K+ secretion into the filtrate.
What portion of the nephron is primarily responsible for reabsorbing bicarbonate?
Proximal convoluted tubules
Which of the following are true of ANP or atrial natriuretic peptide?
It reduces blood volume by causing the excretion of more Na+
It is secreted by the atria of the heart in response to high blood volume.
Acidosis increases the secretion of H+ and _____ the secretion of K+ into the filtrate due to the change in the electronegative gradient.
reduces
The
tubules are responsible for reabsorption of the majority of the bicarbonate in the filtrate.
Blank 1: proximal
Blank 2: convoluted
CHAPTER 18
Food is typically ingested as polymers of macromolecules, which are made from individual subunits called
, especially for carbohydrates and proteins.
monomers
Match the letters in the figure to the layer of the wall of the gastrointestinal tract.
A
matches
Choicemuscularis externa
B
matches
Choicemucosa
C
matches
Choiceserosa
D
matches
Choicesubmucosa
The theme of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system, “rest and
“, reflects its role in the regulation of the gastrointestinal tract.
digest
Partial digestion of starch, a complex dietary carbohydrate, begins in the oral cavity through the action of salivary _______.
amylase
The opening in the diaphragm through which the esophagus passes to enter the abdominal cavity is called the esophageal
.
hiatus
The chemical energy of food molecules is extracted during cellular respiration to make
.
ATP
The layer of the wall of the gastrointestinal tract labeled B is the
.
mucosa
The most distensible organ of the digestive system is the _______.
stomach
In general, _______ nerves stimulate motility and secretion in the gastrointestinal tract.
parasympathetic
An action of gastric juice is to activate the enzyme
in the stomach
Blank 1: pepsin or pepsinogen
A non-enzymatic secretion of salivary glands,
facilitates bolus formation during mastication.
mucus
The pharynx is connected to the stomach by the
.
esophagus
The stomach empties into the
of the small intestine.
duodenum
Inhibitory peptides are released from pepsinogen by
, freeing the fully active enzyme pepsin
Blank 1: acid, HCl, acidic conditions, HCI, or hydrochloric acid
Saliva contains ______.
salivary amylase
mucus
The esophagus
does not produce digestive enzymes.
connects the pharynx and the stomach
Organic molecules in _______ are used for the synthesis of macromolecules, cells, and tissues in the human body.
food
The
connects the esophagus and the duodenum
stomach
The acid in gastric juice
denatures dietary protein.
converts pepsinogen to pepsin.
is necessary for coupling of intrinsic factor and vitamin B12.
The small intestine extends from the
sphincter, superiorly to the
valve, inferiorly.
.
Blank 1: pyloric
Blank 2: ileocecal
Identify the components of an intestinal villus by matching the letters in the figure with the terms provided.
A
matches
Choiceintestinal villus
B
matches
Choicesimple columnar epithelial cell
C
matches
Choicelacteal
D
matches
Choiceblood capillary network
E
matches
Choicegoblet cells
F
matches
Choicelamina propria
The numbers of microorganisms _______ from the stomach to the large intestine.
increase
Maintenance of the exocrine pancreas is dependent on the trophic effects of the hormone _______.
cholecystokinin
Ganglia of the enteric nervous system are interconnected by the
plexus, found along the entire length of the gastrointestinal tract, and the
plexus, located in the small and large intestines.
Blank 1: outer, myenteric, or Auerbach’s
Blank 2: inner, submucosal, or Meissner’s
Bile is most important to the ______.
emulsification
In intestinal epithelial cells, absorption of sodium by active transport, through the _______ membrane surface, drives the passive absorption of water, through the _______ membrane surface.
basolateral……apical
Vagal regulation of gastric secretion and motility by the CNS prior to the arrival of food in the stomach, is called the
phase.
Blank 1: cephalic
Peristalsis in the small intestine is _______ than in the esophagus.
weaker
slower
Identify the regions of the large intestine by matching the letters in the figure with the names of the regions.
anal canal
matches
ChoiceE
ascending colon
matches
ChoiceJ
cecum
matches
ChoiceH
descending colon
matches
ChoiceB
rectum
matches
ChoiceF
sigmoid colon
matches
ChoiceD
transverse colon
matches
ChoiceA
Glucose and cholesterol can enter the bloodstream from cells of the _______ and _______.
liver……small intestine
The arrival of chyme in the duodenum stimulates the secretion of _______ and _______, both of which stimulate the secretion of pancreatic juice.
secretin
CCK
The substrate for salivary amylase is _______, and the product is _______.
starch……maltose
Complete digestion of protein occurs
around pH 8.
in the small intestine.
in the absence of pepsin.
The layer of the wall of the gastrointestinal tract labeled B is the
.
mucosa
The theme of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system, “rest and
“, reflects its role in the regulation of the gastrointestinal tract.
digest
Brush border enzymes are located on the plasma membranes of the ______.
small intestine
An increase in rectal pressure due the presence of feces causes the _______ anal sphincter to relax; relaxation of the _______ anal sphincter is voluntary.
internal……external
The capillary spaces in the liver are called
.
Blank 1: sinusoids
In the figure, the gallbladder is indicated with the letter
.
d
Cells of the pancreatic
secrete the hormones insulin and glucagon.
islets
The stomach enzyme that aids protein digestion is ______.
.
pepsin
Maintenance of the structure of the gastric mucosa is dependent on the trophic effects of the hormone _______.
gastrin
Bile salt micelles
form emulsification droplets with triglycerides.
increase the surface area for chemical digestion.
act like a detergent on dietary triglycerides.
Intestinal microbiota or microflora are
normal residents of the human gastrointestinal tract.
mostly, but not exclusively, bacteria.
Simple columnar epithelial cells of the small intestinal mucosa possess
that extend into the
of the small intestine, and goblet cells that secrete
.
Blank 1: microvilli
Blank 2: lumen
Blank 3: mucus
Simple columnar epithelial cells absorb approximately 78% of the fluid (approximately 5.5 to 7 liters) that enters the _______, and approximately 90% of the fluid (approximately 1.4 to 1.8 liters) that enters the _______.
small intestine……large intestine
The major products of protein digestion by pepsin are
short-chain polypeptides.
The contractile pressure accompanying peristalsis in the small intestine is greater in the _______ than in the _______.
duodenum……ileum
After absorption into the bloodstream from the gastrointestinal tract, the
is the first organ to receive water-soluble nutrients.
liver
Secretion of pancreatic enzymes is stimulated by ACh and the hormone _____
CCK
The finger-like folds of mucosa in the small intestine are ______.
villi
The digestion of complex carbohydrates begins in the
; the digestion of disaccharides occurs in the
.
Blank 1: mouth
Blank 2: duodenum
Arrange the layers of the wall of the gastrointestinal tract from the closest to the lumen (1) to furthest from the lumen (4).
1
matches
Choicemucosa
2
matches
Choicesubmucosa
3
matches
Choicemuscularis externa
4
matches
Choiceserosa
Hydrolytic enzymes referred to as brush border enzymes are
oriented with the active site exposed to chyme.
located in the plasma membrane of microvilli.
The arrival of chyme in the duodenum initiates a vagal reflex in which pancreatic acinar cells are stimulated to release digestive enzymes by the neurotransmitter
.
Blank 1: ACh or acetylcholine
Chemical digestion of carbohydrates in the mouth is aided by ______.
salivary amylase
Match the following terms and descriptions related to the microscopic anatomy of the liver.
hepatocytes
matches
Choiceliver cells
hepatic plates
matches
Choicesheets of hepatocytes, 1-2 cells thick
sinusoids
matches
Choicecapillary spaces separating hepatic plates
Bile is concentrated and stored in the ______.
gallbladder
Pancreatic islets are responsible for the ______ of the organ.
endocrine function
The enteric nervous system
operates using several neurotransmitters.
consists of neurons and glial cells.
The ______ phase of stomach function could be stimulated by the sight of food.
cephalic
The active sites of brush border enzymes are oriented toward the _______ of the small intestine.
lumen
Bile (salt) lipids.
Blank 1: emulsifies or emulsify
When the anal sphincters relax and abdominal muscles contract, occurs.
Blank 1: defecation
Stimulation of the vagus nerves by the brain in response to the sensory input from the special senses
is a conditioned reflex.
describes the cephalic phase of gastric regulation.
CHAPTER 19
The term anabolism refers to:
synthesis reactions
The formation of glycogen is ______.
glycogenesis
The metabolic rate averaged over 12 hours in a minimally active person is the ______.
Multiple choice question.
basal metabolic rate
The majority of caloric expenditure in adults is due to:
basal metabolic rate
Energy substrates (glucose, etc.) are _____ during the absorptive state and ______ during the postabsorptive state.
stored; released
The energy-providing dietary molecules include ______, as well as carbohydrates and fats.
proteins
Diabetes mellitus can be caused by the ______.
inadequate secretion of insulin
