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FINAL EXAM > Chapter 17 > Flashcards

Chapter 17 Flashcards

1
Q

The pH of the plasma is regulated directly by the ______.

A

kidney

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2
Q

The kidneys are anatomically ______.

A

below the diaphragm and the liver

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3
Q

The
muscle in the urinary bladder wall is responsible for emptying the bladder.

A

detrusor

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4
Q

The
is the smallest functional unit of the kidney that is responsible for the formation of urine.

A

nephron

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5
Q

Glomerular filtrate fluid is first derived from ______.

A

blood plasma

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6
Q

Which of the following is a function of the kidneys?

A

Regulation of electrolytes

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7
Q

Filtration of materials from the blood into the glomerular or Bowman’s capsule is favored by the relatively high __________ of the _______.

A

hydrostatic pressure; blood

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8
Q

The
lie on either side of the vertebral column below the diaphragm and liver.

A

kidneys or kidney

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9
Q

What muscle causes the emptying of the urinary bladder?

A

Detrusor muscle

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10
Q

Which of the following are intrinsic regulators of GFR or glomerular filtration rate?

A

Tubuloglomerular feedback

Myogenic constriction of the afferent arteriole

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11
Q

What is the smallest functional unit of the kidney?

A

A nephron

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12
Q

The typical % of glomerular filtrate which is absorbed before any adjustment of the volume is ______.

A

85%

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13
Q

What is the fluid entering the glomerular capsule or Bowman’s capsule?

A

Filtrate

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14
Q

Which of the following favors filtration into the Bowman’s or glomerular capsule of nephron?

A

High hydrostatic pressure of the blood

Large glomerular surface area

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15
Q

Where are the kidneys located in the body?

A

On either side of the spine just below the diaphragm and liver

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16
Q

True or false: The total osmolarity of the filtrate is essentially the same as the blood plasma.

A

True

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17
Q

The glomerular filtration rate is regulated by both extrinsic and intrinsic mechanisms. Which of the following is an extrinsic regulators of GFR?

A

Sympathetic innervation

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18
Q

_____ occurs when filtered molecules are returned to the blood from the filtrate in the tubules.

A

Reabsorption

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19
Q

The vasa recta are ______.

A

blood vessels associated with the nephron loops

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20
Q

The fluid entering the glomerular capsule is called the
because it passes through three layers that serve as selective filters.

A

filtrate

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21
Q

This tubule region is the ______.

A

collecting duct

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22
Q

The osmolarity of the filtrate in the Bowman’s or glomerular capsule is _______ the blood plasma osmolarity.

A

the same as

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23
Q

A substance in the blood can be removed or cleared by the process of
at the glomeruli or through
by the tubular cells into the filtrate.

A

Blank 1: filtration, filtered, or ultrafiltration
Blank 2: secretion or secreted

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24
Q

The ____ ____ are blood vessels that run parallel to the nephron loops of the juxtamedullary nephrons

A

vasa recta

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25
Q

The labeled structure is the
duct.

A

collecting

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26
Q

During secretion, molecules and ions are transported from the _________ to the _________ resulting in a net increase in renal clearance.

A

peritubular capillaries; renal tubules

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27
Q

The plant compound, a polymer of fructose, that is neither secreted nor reabsorbed by human renal tubules is called:

A

inulin

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28
Q

What is the renal plasma clearance?

A

The volume of plasma from which a substance is completely removed in 1 minute by excretion

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29
Q

Clearance in the kidney includes the process(es) of ____.

A

filtration and secretion

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30
Q

Where is glucose reabsorbed from the filtrate?

A

Proximal convoluted tubules

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31
Q

The membrane transport process in which molecules and ions are moved out of the peritubular capillaries into the nephron tubule is called
.

A

secretion

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32
Q

Inulin:

A

is filtered but not reabsorbed or secreted

is a plant compound

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33
Q

The

is the volume of plasma from which a substance is completely removed in one minute by excretion in the urine.

A

Blank 1: renal
Blank 2: plasma
Blank 3: clearance

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34
Q

What is the primary hormone responsible for the reabsorption of Na+ and the secretion of K+ by the kidneys?

A

Aldosterone

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35
Q

Renin:

A

is an enzyme

catalyzes the conversion and production of angiotensin II

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36
Q

Glucose:

A

is reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule

is reabsorbed through secondary active transport

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37
Q

Tubular secretion is the movement of the molecules ______.

A

from the peritubular capillaries to the kidney lumen

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38
Q

The hormone,
, secreted by the adrenal cortex regulates the reabsorption of Na+ and the secretion of K+ by the kidney.

A

aldosterone

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39
Q

What is renin?

A

An enzyme that catalyzes the process for the production of angiotensin II

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40
Q

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) ______ blood volume by promoting the secretion of _______ within the nephron.

A

decreases; sodium

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41
Q

When the blood plasma levels of H+ are low, which of the following is true?

A

There will be an increase in K+ secretion into the filtrate.

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42
Q

What portion of the nephron is primarily responsible for reabsorbing bicarbonate?

A

Proximal convoluted tubules

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43
Q

Which of the following are true of ANP or atrial natriuretic peptide?

A

It reduces blood volume by causing the excretion of more Na+

It is secreted by the atria of the heart in response to high blood volume.

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44
Q

Acidosis increases the secretion of H+ and _____ the secretion of K+ into the filtrate due to the change in the electronegative gradient.

A

reduces

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45
Q

The

tubules are responsible for reabsorption of the majority of the bicarbonate in the filtrate.

A

Blank 1: proximal
Blank 2: convoluted

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46
Q

CHAPTER 18

A
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47
Q

Food is typically ingested as polymers of macromolecules, which are made from individual subunits called
, especially for carbohydrates and proteins.

A

monomers

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48
Q

Match the letters in the figure to the layer of the wall of the gastrointestinal tract.

A

A
matches
Choicemuscularis externa
B
matches
Choicemucosa
C
matches
Choiceserosa
D
matches
Choicesubmucosa

49
Q

The theme of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system, “rest and
“, reflects its role in the regulation of the gastrointestinal tract.

A

digest

50
Q

Partial digestion of starch, a complex dietary carbohydrate, begins in the oral cavity through the action of salivary _______.

A

amylase

51
Q

The opening in the diaphragm through which the esophagus passes to enter the abdominal cavity is called the esophageal
.

A

hiatus

52
Q

The chemical energy of food molecules is extracted during cellular respiration to make
.

A

ATP

53
Q

The layer of the wall of the gastrointestinal tract labeled B is the
.

A

mucosa

54
Q

The most distensible organ of the digestive system is the _______.

A

stomach

55
Q

In general, _______ nerves stimulate motility and secretion in the gastrointestinal tract.

A

parasympathetic

56
Q

An action of gastric juice is to activate the enzyme
in the stomach

A

Blank 1: pepsin or pepsinogen

57
Q

A non-enzymatic secretion of salivary glands,
facilitates bolus formation during mastication.

A

mucus

58
Q

The pharynx is connected to the stomach by the
.

A

esophagus

59
Q

The stomach empties into the
of the small intestine.

A

duodenum

60
Q

Inhibitory peptides are released from pepsinogen by
, freeing the fully active enzyme pepsin

A

Blank 1: acid, HCl, acidic conditions, HCI, or hydrochloric acid

61
Q

Saliva contains ______.

A

salivary amylase

mucus

62
Q

The esophagus

A

does not produce digestive enzymes.

connects the pharynx and the stomach

63
Q

Organic molecules in _______ are used for the synthesis of macromolecules, cells, and tissues in the human body.

A

food

64
Q

The
connects the esophagus and the duodenum

A

stomach

65
Q

The acid in gastric juice

A

denatures dietary protein.

converts pepsinogen to pepsin.

is necessary for coupling of intrinsic factor and vitamin B12.

66
Q

The small intestine extends from the
sphincter, superiorly to the
valve, inferiorly.
.

A

Blank 1: pyloric
Blank 2: ileocecal

67
Q

Identify the components of an intestinal villus by matching the letters in the figure with the terms provided.

A

A
matches
Choiceintestinal villus
B
matches
Choicesimple columnar epithelial cell
C
matches
Choicelacteal
D
matches
Choiceblood capillary network
E
matches
Choicegoblet cells
F
matches
Choicelamina propria

68
Q

The numbers of microorganisms _______ from the stomach to the large intestine.

A

increase

69
Q

Maintenance of the exocrine pancreas is dependent on the trophic effects of the hormone _______.

A

cholecystokinin

70
Q

Ganglia of the enteric nervous system are interconnected by the
plexus, found along the entire length of the gastrointestinal tract, and the
plexus, located in the small and large intestines.

A

Blank 1: outer, myenteric, or Auerbach’s
Blank 2: inner, submucosal, or Meissner’s

71
Q

Bile is most important to the ______.

A

emulsification

72
Q

In intestinal epithelial cells, absorption of sodium by active transport, through the _______ membrane surface, drives the passive absorption of water, through the _______ membrane surface.

A

basolateral……apical

73
Q

Vagal regulation of gastric secretion and motility by the CNS prior to the arrival of food in the stomach, is called the
phase.

A

Blank 1: cephalic

74
Q

Peristalsis in the small intestine is _______ than in the esophagus.

A

weaker

slower

75
Q

Identify the regions of the large intestine by matching the letters in the figure with the names of the regions.

A

anal canal
matches
ChoiceE
ascending colon
matches
ChoiceJ
cecum
matches
ChoiceH
descending colon
matches
ChoiceB
rectum
matches
ChoiceF
sigmoid colon
matches
ChoiceD
transverse colon
matches
ChoiceA

76
Q

Glucose and cholesterol can enter the bloodstream from cells of the _______ and _______.

A

liver……small intestine

77
Q

The arrival of chyme in the duodenum stimulates the secretion of _______ and _______, both of which stimulate the secretion of pancreatic juice.

A

secretin

CCK

78
Q

The substrate for salivary amylase is _______, and the product is _______.

A

starch……maltose

79
Q

Complete digestion of protein occurs

A

around pH 8.

in the small intestine.

in the absence of pepsin.

80
Q

The layer of the wall of the gastrointestinal tract labeled B is the
.

A

mucosa

81
Q

The theme of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system, “rest and
“, reflects its role in the regulation of the gastrointestinal tract.

A

digest

82
Q

Brush border enzymes are located on the plasma membranes of the ______.

A

small intestine

83
Q

An increase in rectal pressure due the presence of feces causes the _______ anal sphincter to relax; relaxation of the _______ anal sphincter is voluntary.

A

internal……external

84
Q

The capillary spaces in the liver are called
.

A

Blank 1: sinusoids

85
Q

In the figure, the gallbladder is indicated with the letter
.

A

d

86
Q

Cells of the pancreatic
secrete the hormones insulin and glucagon.

A

islets

87
Q

The stomach enzyme that aids protein digestion is ______.
.

A

pepsin

88
Q

Maintenance of the structure of the gastric mucosa is dependent on the trophic effects of the hormone _______.

A

gastrin

89
Q

Bile salt micelles

A

form emulsification droplets with triglycerides.

increase the surface area for chemical digestion.

act like a detergent on dietary triglycerides.

90
Q

Intestinal microbiota or microflora are

A

normal residents of the human gastrointestinal tract.

mostly, but not exclusively, bacteria.

91
Q

Simple columnar epithelial cells of the small intestinal mucosa possess
that extend into the
of the small intestine, and goblet cells that secrete
.

A

Blank 1: microvilli
Blank 2: lumen
Blank 3: mucus

92
Q

Simple columnar epithelial cells absorb approximately 78% of the fluid (approximately 5.5 to 7 liters) that enters the _______, and approximately 90% of the fluid (approximately 1.4 to 1.8 liters) that enters the _______.

A

small intestine……large intestine

93
Q

The major products of protein digestion by pepsin are

A

short-chain polypeptides.

94
Q

The contractile pressure accompanying peristalsis in the small intestine is greater in the _______ than in the _______.

A

duodenum……ileum

95
Q

After absorption into the bloodstream from the gastrointestinal tract, the
is the first organ to receive water-soluble nutrients.

A

liver

96
Q

Secretion of pancreatic enzymes is stimulated by ACh and the hormone _____

A

CCK

97
Q

The finger-like folds of mucosa in the small intestine are ______.

A

villi

98
Q

The digestion of complex carbohydrates begins in the
; the digestion of disaccharides occurs in the
.

A

Blank 1: mouth
Blank 2: duodenum

99
Q

Arrange the layers of the wall of the gastrointestinal tract from the closest to the lumen (1) to furthest from the lumen (4).

A

1
matches
Choicemucosa
2
matches
Choicesubmucosa
3
matches
Choicemuscularis externa
4
matches
Choiceserosa

100
Q

Hydrolytic enzymes referred to as brush border enzymes are

A

oriented with the active site exposed to chyme.

located in the plasma membrane of microvilli.

101
Q

The arrival of chyme in the duodenum initiates a vagal reflex in which pancreatic acinar cells are stimulated to release digestive enzymes by the neurotransmitter
.

A

Blank 1: ACh or acetylcholine

102
Q

Chemical digestion of carbohydrates in the mouth is aided by ______.

A

salivary amylase

103
Q

Match the following terms and descriptions related to the microscopic anatomy of the liver.

A

hepatocytes
matches
Choiceliver cells
hepatic plates
matches
Choicesheets of hepatocytes, 1-2 cells thick
sinusoids
matches
Choicecapillary spaces separating hepatic plates

104
Q

Bile is concentrated and stored in the ______.

A

gallbladder

105
Q

Pancreatic islets are responsible for the ______ of the organ.

A

endocrine function

106
Q

The enteric nervous system

A

operates using several neurotransmitters.

consists of neurons and glial cells.

107
Q

The ______ phase of stomach function could be stimulated by the sight of food.

A

cephalic

108
Q

The active sites of brush border enzymes are oriented toward the _______ of the small intestine.

A

lumen

109
Q

Bile (salt) lipids.

A

Blank 1: emulsifies or emulsify

110
Q

When the anal sphincters relax and abdominal muscles contract, occurs.

A

Blank 1: defecation

111
Q

Stimulation of the vagus nerves by the brain in response to the sensory input from the special senses

A

is a conditioned reflex.

describes the cephalic phase of gastric regulation.

112
Q

CHAPTER 19

A
113
Q

The term anabolism refers to:

A

synthesis reactions

114
Q

The formation of glycogen is ______.

A

glycogenesis

115
Q

The metabolic rate averaged over 12 hours in a minimally active person is the ______.

Multiple choice question.

A

basal metabolic rate

116
Q

The majority of caloric expenditure in adults is due to:

A

basal metabolic rate

117
Q

Energy substrates (glucose, etc.) are _____ during the absorptive state and ______ during the postabsorptive state.

A

stored; released

118
Q

The energy-providing dietary molecules include ______, as well as carbohydrates and fats.

A

proteins

119
Q

Diabetes mellitus can be caused by the ______.

A

inadequate secretion of insulin

FINAL EXAM (2 decks)

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