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anatomy and physiology mid-term > Chapter 17 > Flashcards

Chapter 17 Flashcards

1
Q

Function of transporting blood

A
  • delivering oxygen
  • transporting metabolic waste to lungs and kidneys
  • hormones from endocrine sytem
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2
Q

Function of regulation of blood

A

maintaining:
- body tem
- normal ph
- adequate fluids volume in circulatory system

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3
Q

protection

A

preventing blood loss and infection

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4
Q

Plasma

A

matrix fluid

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5
Q

composition of blood

A

cells:
-erythrocytes
-leukocytes
-platelets

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6
Q

Hematocrit

A

percent of blood volumes of RBCs

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7
Q

Buffy coat

A

WBCs and latelets

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8
Q

albumin

A

60% of plasma proteins; produced by liver, main contributor to osmotic pressure

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9
Q

Hemoglobin

A

binds reversibly with oxygen
- consist red heme: give blood red colour
-consist of 4 polypeptides chains(2 alpha and 2 beta)

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10
Q

oxyhemoglobin

A

ruby red blood and its oxygen loading in lungs

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11
Q

deoxyhemoglobin

A

dark red blood and unloaded in tissues

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12
Q

carbaminohemoglobin

A

loading in tissues
20% of CO2 in blood binds to Hb

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13
Q

Hematopoieses

A

formation of all blood cells
-occurs in bone marrow

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14
Q

hematopoietic stem cells( hemocytoblast)

A
  • stem cell that gives rise to all formed elements
  • hormones and growth factors push cells toward specific pathways of blood cells
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15
Q

hypoxia

A

few RBCs
iron deficiency
reduced availability of O2(high altitudes or lung problems
-erythropoietin is released by kidneys

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16
Q

increase blood viscosity

A

to many RBCs

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17
Q

Erythropioesis

A

Erythrocyte production

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18
Q

Phases of how to make etyrhtocytes

A
  1. myeloid stem cells
  2. proeryrheoblast
  3. basophilic erythroblast: produce many ribosomes
  4. polychromatic erythroblast
  5. orthochromatic erythroblasts: changes as the blue ribosomes become masked by the pink colour hemoglobin and eject nucleus
  6. Reticulocyte: early young erythrocytes
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19
Q

erythropoietin(EPO)

A

a hormone that stimulates the formation of RBCs
- small amount of EPO in blood to maintain basal rate

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20
Q

dangerous of EPO

A
  • can increase hematocrit from 45% to 65%
    -becomes like sludge and cause clotting stroke or heart failure
21
Q

Fate and destruction of erythrocyte

A

100-120 days life span
RBCs are anucleate

22
Q

Anemia

A

A. Blood loss :
- hemorrhagic anemia: rapid blood loss
- chronic hemorrhagic anemia: slight but persistent blood loss due to hemorrhoids, bleeding ulcer
B. not enough RBCs
-iron- deficiency anemia: low iron intake
-Pernicious anemia: destroys stomach mucosa
-Renal anemia: lack of EPO
- Aplastic anemia: the destruction of red bone marrow caused by drugs, chemicals, radiation or viruses
C. Too many RBCs
- Thalassemias: one globin is absent or faulty, needs blood transfusions
-sickle- cell anemia: mutated hemoglobin

23
Q

Polycythemia

A
  • too many blood cell produce; increase blood viscosity, sluggish blood flow
24
Q

Leukocytes

A

WBCs; the only formed element that is the complete cell with nuclei and organelles
- can leave capillaries via diapedesis
-move through tissue spaces by amoeboid motion and positive chemotaxis

25
Q

Granulocytes

A

contain visible cytoplasmic granules(neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils)
-larger and shorter-lived than RBCs
-phagocytic to some degree

26
Q

Agrunoulocyes

A

do not contain visible cytoplasmic granules
-lack visible cytoplasmic granules
-Both have spherical or kidney-shaped nuclei

27
Q

Neutrophils

A

-numerous WBC
-twice size of RBC
- contain either hydrolytic enzymes or antimicrobial proteins
-polymorphonuclear leukocytes

28
Q

Eosinophils

A
  • 2-4 %of leukocytes
    -two lobes connected by a broadband
    -role in allergies and asthma
    -red staining granules contain digestive enzymes
29
Q

Basophils

A

-rarest WBCs
-deep purple w1 or 2 constrictions
- large, purplish black

30
Q

Basophils

A

-rarest WBCs
-deep purple w1 or 2 constrictions
- large, purplish black

31
Q

Lymphocytes

A

– Second most numerous WBC,
– Large, dark purple, circular nuclei with
thin rim of blue cytoplasm
– Mostly found in lymphoid tissue
(example: lymph nodes, spleen), but a
few circulate in the blood
– Crucial to immunity
– Two types of lymphocytes
-> T lymphocytes (T cells) act
against virus-infected cells and
tumour cells
-> B lymphocytes (B cells) give rise
to plasma cells, which produce
antibodies

32
Q

Monocyte/Macrophage

A

Largest of all leukocytes; 3–8% of all
WBCs
– Abundant pale blue cytoplasm
– Dark purple-staining, U- or kidney-
shaped nuclei
– Monocytes leave the circulation, enter
tissues, and differentiate into
macrophages
§ Actively phagocytic cells; crucial
against viruses, intracellular bacterial
parasites, and chronic infections
– Activate lymphocytes to mount an
immune response

33
Q

Leukopoiesis

A

production of WBCs are
stimulated by two types of chemical
messengers from red bone marrow and
mature WBCs

34
Q

lymphoid stem cells

A

produces lymphocytes

35
Q

Myeloid stem cells

A

produce all other elements

36
Q

Leukemias

A

– Cancerous condition involving overproduction of abnormal WBCs
§ Usually involve clones of single abnormal cell
– Named according to the abnormal WBC clone involved
§ Myeloid leukemia involves myeloblast descendants
§ Lymphocytic leukemia involves lymphocytes
§ Acute (quickly advancing) leukemia derives from stem cells, and primarily affects
children

37
Q

infectious mononucleosis

A

– Highly contagious viral disease (“kissing disease”)
§ Usually seen in young adults
– Caused by Epstein-Barr virus
– Results in high numbers of typical agranulocytes
§ Involve lymphocytes that become enlarged
§ Originally thought cells were monocytes, so disease named mononucleosis
– Symptoms
§ Tired, achy, chronic sore throat, low fever
– Runs course with rest in 4–6 weeks

38
Q

Platelet

A

fragments of larger megakaryocyte
* Contain several chemicals involved in clotting process
– Serotonin, calcium, enzymes, ADP to name a few
* Function: form temporary platelet plug that helps seal breaks in blood vessels
* Circulating platelets are kept apart and mobile by nitric oxide (NO) and prostacyclin from
endothelial cells lining blood vessels
* Platelets age quickly and degenerate in about 10 days
* Normal = 150,000–400,000 platelets/ml of blood

39
Q

Hemostasis

A

fast series of reactions for stoppage of bleeding
* Requires clotting factors and substances released by platelets and injured tissues

40
Q

Vascular Spasm
* Vessel responds to injury with vasoconstriction
* Vascular spams are triggered by:
– Direct injury to vascular smooth muscle
– Chemicals released by endothelial cells and platelets
– Pain reflexes
* Most effective in smaller blood vessels
* Can significantly reduce blood flow until other mechanisms can kick in
Copyright

A

Vessel responds to injury with vasoconstriction
* Vascular spams are triggered by:
– Direct injury to vascular smooth muscle
– Chemicals released by endothelial cells and platelets
– Pain reflexes
* Most effective in smaller blood vessels
* Can significantly reduce blood flow until other mechanisms can kick in
Copyright

41
Q

Platelet Plug Formation

A

Platelets stick to collagen fibers that are exposed
when vessel is damaged
* When activated, platelets swell, become spiked
and sticky, and release chemical messengers:
– ADP causes more platelets to stick and
release their contents
– Serotonin and thromboxane A2 enhance
vascular spasm and platelet aggregation
* Positive feedback cycle: as more platelets stick,
they release more chemicals, which cause more
platelets to stick and release more chemicals
* Platelet plugs are fine for small vessel tears, but
larger breaks in vessels need additional step

42
Q

Coagulation

A
  • Coagulation (blood clotting) reinforces platelet plug with fibrin threads
    – Blood clots are effective in sealing larger vessel breaks
  • Blood is transformed from liquid to gel
  • Series of reactions use clotting factors (procoagulants), mostly plasma proteins
    – Numbered I to XIII in order of discovery
    – Vitamin K needed to synthesize some factors
  • Coagulation occurs in three phases
43
Q

Two mechanisms limit clot size

A

§ Swift removal and dilution of clotting factors
§ Inhibition of activated clotting factors

44
Q

Factors preventing platelet adhesion

A

§ Smooth endothelium of blood vessels prevents platelets from clinging
§ Endothelial cells secrete antithrombic substances such as nitric oxide and prostacyclin
§ Vitamin E quinone, formed when vitamin E reacts with oxygen, is a potent anticoagulant

45
Q

thromboembolic disorders

A

result in undesirable clot formation

46
Q

Bleeding disorders

A

abnormalities that prevent normal clot formation

47
Q

The cardiovascular system minimizes the effects of blood loss by:

A
  1. reducing volume of affected blood vessels
  2. stepping up production of RBCs
48
Q

Antigen

A

anything perceived as foreign that can generate an immune response

49
Q

agglutinogens

A

RBC antigens; promote agglutiniation
- Type A has only A agglutinogen
– Type B has only B agglutinogen
– Type AB has both A and B agglutinogens
– Type O has neither A nor B agglutinogens

anatomy and physiology mid-term (4 decks)

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