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Microbiology > Chapter 16: Third line of defense > Flashcards

Chapter 16: Third line of defense Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

adaptive immunity

A

the ability to recognize and defend against distinct invaders by distinguishing self from non-self
-is a smart system acquired over time where memory allows it to respond more rapidly for future encounters

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2
Q

What cells are apart of your specific immunity ?

A

various cells, tissues, and organs like B and T lymphocytes, lymphatic/immune system, spleen, MALT, etc

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3
Q

Antigens

A

-seen as non-self and they trigger specific immune responses which lead to selecting and activating B and T lymphocytes

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4
Q

lymph nodes

A

house many leukocytes that filter, recognize, and attack foreign antigens in the lymph

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5
Q

spleen

A

similar in structure to a lymph node except it filters blood, not lymph. of bacteria, viruses, toxins and old erythrocytes as well as other foreign matter from the blood

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6
Q

What does MALT stand for?

A

mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue

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7
Q

What organs are associated with MALT

A

-the appendix
-lymphoid tissue of the respiratory tract
-vagina
-urinary bladder
-mammary glands
- peyer’s patches in the wall of the small intestine

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8
Q

epitope

A

-the specific region of an antigen recognized by immune system

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9
Q

What do antigens include?

A

-components of bacterial cell walls, capsules, pili, and flagella
-proteins of viruses, fungi, bacteria and protozoa
-food and dust can also contain antigenic particles

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10
Q

How do antigens enter the body ?

A

through your nose, mouth, cuts on skin

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11
Q

T-Independent antigen

A

-large antigenic molecules with readily accessible epitopes
-B cells can bind these directly without the antigen being processed, which stimulates B cells to differentiate into plasma cells to produce antibodies and memory cells

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12
Q

T-dependent antigen

A

-are smaller antigens with less accessible antigenic determinants (epitopes)
-B cells require involvement from APCs, dendritic cells, and helper T cells, (Th cells) to target these antigens

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13
Q

Antigen Presenting Cells (APC)

A

process antigens to make epitopes more accessible to the Th cells

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14
Q

Helper T cells (Th cells)

A

in cell mediated immune response, a type of cell characterized by CD4 cell-surface glycoproteins, regulates the activity of B cells and cytotoxic T cells

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15
Q

Processing of Antigens by APC’s

A
  1. an APC like dendritic cells internalizes the invading pathogen and digest it into smaller antigenic fragments within a phagolysosome
  2. The phagolysosome then fuses with a vesicle containing MHC I molecules for endogenous antigens while exogenous antigens are presented by MHC II molecules
  3. each fragment then binds to the antigen binding groove of a complementary MHC molecule
  4. A fused vesicle inserts the MHC I or II antigen complex into the cytoplasmic membrane so the antigen is now presented on the outside of the cell
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16
Q

What does MHC I stand for?

A

Major Histocompatibility Complex I

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17
Q

When you see MHC I what does that mean?

A

-this means it is for endogenous antigens

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18
Q

When you see MHC II what does that mean?

A

-this means it is for exogenous antigens

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19
Q

MHC I processing endogenous antigens

A

1.polypeptide is catabolized
2. epitopes are loaded onto the complementary MHC I proteins in the ER
3.golgi bodies package MHC I protein-epitope complex into vesicles
4. vesicles fuse with cytoplasmic membrane
5. MHC I protein-epitope complexes are displayed on cytoplasmic membrane of nucleated cells

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20
Q

MHC II processing exogenous antigens

A
  1. epitopes in phagolysosome and MCH II protein in membrane of vesicle
  2. Vesicles fuse and epitope bind to complementary MCH II molecules
  3. vesicles fuses with cytoplasmic membrane
  4. MCH II protein-epitope complexes are displayed on cytoplasmic membranes of antigen-presenting cells
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21
Q

Where are B lymphocytes produced?

A

in red bone marrow

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22
Q

Where do B lymphocytes mature

A

in red bone marrow, do not leave the site until safe for you

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23
Q

B lymphocytes

A

-found primarily in the spleen, lymph nodes, and MALT
-a small percentage of B cells circulate in the blood

24
Q

B cells

A

-they are either plasma or memory cells
-plasma cells produce and secrete antibodies
-are edited via clonal selection/activation and deletion

25
Q

B cell receptors

A

-essentially an antibody (Ig, immunoglobulin) that is attached to a transmembrane protein anchoring it to the B cell membrane

26
Q

Where does B cell edits take place

A

red bone marrow

27
Q

clonal slection

A

in antibody immunity , recognition and availability only of B lymphocytes with BCRs complementary to a specific antigen determinant

28
Q

clonal deletion

A

process by which cells with receptors that respond to autoantigens are selectively killed via apoptosis

29
Q

Antibody function

A

-antigen binding sites, which are on B cell receptors and on antibodies are complementary to antigenic determinants (epitopes)
-antibodies from B plasma cells secreted into the blood plasma or lymph function in several ways

30
Q

What ways do antibodies from B plasma cells secreted in blood plasma or lymph function?

A
  1. Activation of complement
  2. stimulation of inflammation
  3. neutralization
  4. opsonization
  5. agglutination
  6. stimulate deadly oxidation reaction
31
Q

neutralization

A

antibody function in which the action of a toxin or attachment of a pathogen is blocked

32
Q

oposonization

A

the coating of pathogens by proteins called opsonin making them more vulnerable to phagocytes

33
Q

agglutination

A

clumping caused when antibodies bind to two antigens, perhaps hindering the activity of pathogenic microorganisms and increasing the chance that they will be phagocytized

34
Q

Classes of antibodies (immunoglobulins)

A

-all have a monomer component
- IgG, IgD, and IgE only monomer
-IgA is either a monomer or dimer
-IgM is a pentamer
- 5 classes of antibodies are IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, and IgD.

35
Q

which classes of the five immunoglobulins are the most common

A

IgG, because it is the most functional, can do the most

36
Q

IgM

A

the first antibody produced

37
Q

IgG

A

-the most common and longest lasting antibody with the most varied function. It has the longest half-life being 23 days for IgG, while the other antibodies half life are 2-6 days depending which antibody

38
Q

IgA

A

associated with body secretions including secretions into breastmilk

39
Q

IgE

A

involved in response to parasitic infections and allergies (see this with basophils and eosinophil)

40
Q

IgD

A

exact function is unknown

41
Q

Where are T lymphocytes produced

A

produced in the red bone marrow

42
Q

Where are T lymphocytes matured

A

matured in the thymus
-they are tested/challenged there to make sure they recognize self from non-self

43
Q

What are the three main types of T cells

A
  1. Tc or CD8+ cytotoxic T cells
  2. Th (Th1 and Th2) or CD4+ Helper T cells
  3. Tr or CD 4+/CD25+ or Regulatory T cells
    * they are part of the cell mediated immune response because they act specifically against various antigens
44
Q

How are T lymphocytes edited

A

clonal deletion

45
Q

cytotoxic T cells

A

-can kill other cells

46
Q

T- lymphocyte editing

A

-occurs in the thymus
-immature T cells must first recognize MHC on the thymus cell, if not recognized it is removed from clonal library via apoptosis since failure to recognize MHC will render it useless
-surviving T cells are then tested against your own autoantigens to determine safety
-if it ignores your autoantigens the it survives and becomes apart of your clonal library as it is safe an may be useful
-if recognizes autoantigen, most are destroyed by apoptosis but a few remain as Tr (regulatory) cells

47
Q

Tr (regulatory) cells

A

-keep the immune system primed and ready

48
Q

T-dependent Immunity reponse

A
  1. An APC digest the pathogen and presents fragments attached to the MHC molecules on the outside of cell
  2. A Th cell that has a receptor complementary to the fragment is activated from the clonal library
  3. The APC then secretes interleukins that will stimulate a Th cell to differentiate into a Th1 or Th2 cell
  4. A Th1 cell secretes IL-2 which will activate Tc cells while Th2 cells secrete IL-4 will select a B cell from the library that has a receptor complementary to the same fragment
  5. The activated Tc cells will directly kill cells while the Th2 selected B cell is now activated and it produces with some progeny differentiating to become B plasma cells while some progeny become B memory cells
49
Q

Humoral Immune response

A

-the body mounts a humoral immune response against both exogenous or endogenous antigens
-B cells are sometimes able to act independently to be activated by exogenous antigens
-Th2 cells are required to help activate B cells using MHC II and MHC I if the antigens are not obvious

50
Q

what is apart of any humoral immune response?

A
  1. Plasma B cell clonal selection and activation whether it is dependent or independent of Th cells
  2. Memory B cells and the establishment of long term immunological memory
51
Q

How is specific immunity acquired

A

-it is acquired during your life

52
Q

Naturally acquired (active)

A

-the body responds to antigens that enter naturally such as during an infection

53
Q

Naturally acquired (passive)

A

-antibodies are transferred from mother to offspring either across the placenta (IgG) or in breast milk (IgA)

54
Q

Artificially acquired (active)

A

-healthcare workers introduce antigens in vaccines, the body responds with humoral or cell mediated immune responses

55
Q

Artificially acquired (passive)

A

-health care workers introduce preformed antibodies (obtained from immune individuals) as antisera and antitoxins into a patient

56
Q

Best type of immunity is

A

-active

Microbiology (13 decks)

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