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APUSH > Chapter 16 Slideshow > Flashcards

Chapter 16 Slideshow Flashcards

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AP® U.S. History flashcards
1
Q

How did the Cotton Kingdom develop into an agricultural factory?

A
  • Planters bought more slaves and land
  • Northern shippers reaped large profits from the cotton trade
  • The prosperity of the North, South, and England rested on the bent backs of enslaved bondsmen
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2
Q

Nations growing wealth

A

Cotton accounted for half the value of American export

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3
Q

What did Cotton export earnings provide?

A

The capital for the republics economic growth

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4
Q

How much cotton did the South produce?

A

Half of the entire worlds supply of cotton

- About 75% came from acres of the South

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5
Q

What gave southern leaders power?

A

The dependence that Britain was tied to them by cotton threads

  • In their eyes “cotton was king”
  • Cotton was a powerful monarch
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6
Q

What was the South?

A

A planter aristocracy

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7
Q

In 1850, how many families owned more than 100 slaves?

A

1,733

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8
Q

What did the families that owned more than 100 slaves provide?

A
  • Political and social leadership
  • Enjoyed a lions share of southern wealth
  • Could educate their children in the finest schools
  • Money provided leisure for study, reflection, and statecraft
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9
Q

Since dominance by a favored aristocracy was undemocratic, what did that cause?

A
  • Widened gap between rich and poor

- Hampered tax-supported public education

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10
Q

How did the plantation system shape the lives of southern women?

A
  • The mistress commanded a sizable household staff

- Relationships between mistress and slaves ranged from affectionate to atrocious

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11
Q

How did slavery strain the bonds of womanhood?

A
  • Some mistresses showed tender regard for their bondwomen
  • Some slave women took pride in their status as “members” of the household
  • Virtually no slaveholding women believed in abolition
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12
Q

Plantation life

A
  • Plantation life was worrisome, distasteful, and sordid because it despoiled the good earth
  • Quick profit led to excessive cultivation or “land butchery”
  • Caused heavy leakage of population to the West and Northwest
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13
Q

What was the economic structure of the South?

A

Became increasingly monopolistic

- The big got bigger and the small smaller

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14
Q

Financial instability of the plantation system

A
  • There was over speculation in land and slaves
  • The slaves represented a heavy investment of capital
  • An entire slave quarter might be wiped out by disease
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15
Q

What did the dominance by King Cotton lead to?

A

A dangerous dependence on a one-crop economy

  • Prices we’re at the mercy of world conditions
  • The whole system discouraged healthy diversification
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16
Q

What did immigrants add to the South?

A

Manpower and wealth of the North

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17
Q

In 1860 only _______ of the southern population was foreign-born as compared to _______ for the North

A

4.4%…18.7%

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18
Q

Why was German and Irish immigration discouraged to the South?

A

From the competition of slave labor, by the high cost of fertile land and by European ignorance of cotton growing

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19
Q

How many southern whites owned slaves?

A

Only 1,733 owned 100 or more, most owned less than 10, 1/4 of white southerners owned slaves or belonged to a slaveholding family

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20
Q

What were lesser masters?

A

Small farmers

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21
Q

What were the least prosperous no slave holding whites known as?

A

“Poor white trash” even by slaves

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22
Q

Who was among the most stoutest defenders of the slave system?

A

Whites without slaves who had no direct economic stake in preserving slavery

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23
Q

Were poorer whites better off than slaves?

A

Some, no

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24
Q

Who were the mountain whites

A
  • Living in the valleys of the Appalachian range
  • Independent small farmers
  • Mountain whites had little in common with the whites of the flatlands
  • When the war came, the tough-fibered mountain whites constituted a vitally important peninsula of Unionism
  • They played a significant role in crippling the Confederacy
  • They were the only concentrated Republican strength in the solid South
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25
Q

South’s free blacks

A
  • About 250,000 by 1860
  • Free black population trace their emancipation to the idealism of Revolutionary days
  • Many were mulattoes
  • Some purchased their freedom
  • Many owned property
  • Kind of “third race” with restrictions
  • Unpopular in North
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26
Q

Northern climate for free blacks

A
  • Several states forbade their entrance
  • Most denied them the right to vote
  • Some barred from public schools
  • Northern blacks were particularly hated by the Irish immigrants with whom they competed for jobs
  • Antiblack feelings were stronger in the North than in the South
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27
Q

When did the legal importation of African slaves into America end?

A

1808, outlawed by congress

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28
Q

When did Britain abolish the slave trade?

A

1807

  • The royal Navy’s West African Squadron seized hundreds of slave ships and freed thousands of grateful captives
  • Yet 3 million enslaved Africans were shipped to Brazil and the West Indies after 1807
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29
Q

Price of black ivory

A

In the US, the price was so high before the civil war that countless thousands of black were smuggled into the South

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30
Q

What did the suppression of international slave trade foster?

A

The growth of a vigorous internal slave trade

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31
Q

What did the increase of slave population come from?

A

Natural reproduction

- It distinguished North American slavery from slavery in more southerly New World societies

32
Q

What did planters regard their slaves as?

A

Investments

- Of some $2 billion of their capital by 1860

33
Q

What were the slaves the primary form of in the South?

A

Wealth

  • They were cared for as any asset is cared for by a prudent capitalist
  • Sometimes spared from dangerous work
  • Slavery was profitable, even though it hobbled the economic development of the region as a whole
34
Q

Was breeding slaves encouraged?

A

No

  • Women who bore 13 or 14 babies were prized as “rattlin’ good breeders”
  • White masters would force their attentions on female slaves fathering a sizable mulatto population, most of which remained enchained
35
Q

Slave auctions

A

Brutal sights

  • The most revolting aspects of slavery
  • Families were separated with distressing frequency
  • This was slavery’s greatest psychological horror
  • Abolitionists decried the practice
36
Q

How did slaves live?

A
  • Slavery meant hard work, ignorance, oppression
  • They had no political rights and minimal protection
  • Savage beatings made sullen laborers
  • Lash marks hurt resale values
37
Q

Black belt

A

Black concentration of the Deep South

  • Stretched from South Carolina to Georgia into the new southwest: Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana
  • Life was often rough and raw, for the slaves it was harder
38
Q

Most blacks lived on ______ plantations of _______ or more slaves

A

Large…20

39
Q

In some countries, blacks accounted for ______

A

75%

40
Q

Was family life stable?

A

Relatively, and a distinctive African American slave culture developed

41
Q

Were forced separations common?

A

On smaller plantations

42
Q

Were blacks able to manage family life in slavery?

A

Yes; most slaves were raised in stable two-parent households

43
Q

How did African Americans display their African cultural roots?

A

When they avoided marriage between first cousins, in contrast to the frequent intermarriage of close relatives among the ingrown planter aristocracy

44
Q

African roots visibility in the slaves’ religion:

A
  • Many Christianized during the second great awakening
  • Yet they molded their own distinctive religious forms from a mixture of Christian and African elements
  • African practice of responsorial style of preaching - the give and take between caller and dancers
45
Q

How was slavery degrading the victims?

A
  • They were deprived of the dignity and sense of responsibility that come from independence and the right to make choices
  • They were denied education
46
Q

How did victims of the “peculiar institution” devise ways to show protest?

A
  • showed their pace of their labor to the barest minimum
  • filched food from the “big house”
  • They pilfered other goods
  • They sabotaged expensive equipment
  • They poisoned their masters’ food
47
Q

How were slaves universally pined for freedom?

A
  • Many took to their heels as runaways

- Others rebelled, though never successfully

48
Q

How did slavery leave a mark on whites?

A
  • It fostered the brutality of the whip, the bloodhound, and the branding iron
  • White southerners increasingly lived in a state of imagined siege, surrounded by potentially rebellious blacks inflamed by abolitionist propaganda from the North
  • Their fears bolstered a theory of biological racial superiority
49
Q

What did the inhumanity of “peculiar institution” cause

A

Anti slavery societies

50
Q

When did abolitionist sentiment first start?

A

At the time of the revolution, especially among Quakers

51
Q

The American Colonization Society

A
  • Purpose to transport blacks bodily back to Africa

- In 1822 the Republic of Liberia, on West African coast, was established for former slaves

52
Q

Republic of Liberia

A
  • Monrovia was the capital, named after President Monroe
  • Some 15,000 freed slaves were transported over 4 decades
  • Most blacks had no wish to be transported into a strange civilization after having become partially Americanized
53
Q

William Wilberforce

A
  • A member of the British parliament, an evangelical Christian reformer whose family had been touched by the preaching of George Whitefield
54
Q

Theodore Dwight Weld

A
  • Appealed with special power and directness to his rural audiences of untutored farmers
  • Was materially aided by two wealthy and devout New York merchants - Arthur and Lewis Tappan
55
Q

Where did Weld pay his way to?

A

Lane Theological Seminary in Cincinnati, Ohio

- Expelled with other students for organizing an 18 day debate in slavery

56
Q

What did Weld assemble?

A

A potent propaganda pamphlet, American Slavery as it is

57
Q

What did William Lloyd Garrison write?

A

The liberation - his militantly anti slavery newspaper

58
Q

Who founded the American Anti-Slavery Society?

A

Garrison, Wendell Phillips

59
Q

Black abolitionists

A

David Walker - Appeal to the Colored Citizens of World

- Advocated a bloody end to white supremacy

60
Q

Sojourner Truth

A

Fought for black emancipation and women’s rights

61
Q

Martin Delany

A

One of the few black leaders who took seriously the notion of mass recolonization of Africa
- In 1859 he visited West Africa’s Niger Valley seeking a suitable site for relocation

62
Q

Garrison personality vs Douglass personality

A

G: stubbornly principled
D: flexibly practical

63
Q

Garrison interests

A

More interested in his own righteousness than in the substance of the slavery evil itself

64
Q

Garrison demands

A

Repeatedly demand that the “virtuous” North secede from the “wicked” South

65
Q

What did Garrison publicly burn?

A

A copy of the constitution as “a convent with death and an agreement with hell”

66
Q

What did critics and former supporters charge that he was?

A

Cruelly probing the moral wound in America’s underbelly, but offered no acceptable balm

67
Q

What did Douglass want to do

A

He and other abolitionists increasingly looked to politics to end the blight of slavery

68
Q

What did most abolitionists, including Garrison, follow?

A

The logic of their beliefs and supported war as the price of emancipation

69
Q

Where were anti slavery societies more numerous?

A

More South of the Mason-Dixon Line than north of it

70
Q

What did emancipation proposals that the Virginia legislature debated and defeated do?

A
  • The debate marked a turning point
  • Slave states tightened their slave codes
  • Moved to prohibit emancipation of any kind, voluntary or compensated
71
Q

Nat Turners rebellion in 1831

A
  • Sent waves of hysteria
  • Planters slept with pistols
  • Garrison was bitterly condemned as a terroir and inciter of murder
  • The state of Georgia offered $5,000 for his arrest and conviction
72
Q

Nullification of 1832

A
  • Further implanted haunting fears in white southern minds

- Jailings, whippings, and lynching now greeted rational efforts to discuss the slavery problem

73
Q

How did pro slavery whites respond

A

By launching a massive defense of slavery as a positive good

74
Q

Gag resolution

A
  • Pushed through Congress by sensitive southerners

- Required all such anti slavery appeals to be tabled without debate

75
Q

Were abolitionists like Garrisonians popular or unpopular in the North?

A

Unpopular

APUSH (2 decks)

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