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Anatomy & Physiology (Tortora) > Chapter 16: Sensory, Motor and Integrative Systems (Tortora) > Flashcards

Chapter 16: Sensory, Motor and Integrative Systems (Tortora) Flashcards

1
Q

Sensation

A

Is the conscious or subconscious awareness of changes in the external or internal environment.

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2
Q

Perception

A

Is the conscious awareness and interpretation of sensations and is primary a function of the cerebral cortex.

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3
Q

Sensory Mordalities

A

Is each unique type of sensation - such as, touch, pain, vision or hearing.

Grouped into two classes: General senses and Special senses

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4
Q

General senses

A

Refer to both somatic senses and visceral senses

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5
Q

Somatic senses

A
  1. (Body) include tactile sensations; touch, pressure, vibration, itch and tickle)
  2. Thermal sensations (warm and cold)
  3. Pain sensations and proprioceptive sensations.
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6
Q

Visceral senses

A

(Internal organs) pressure, stretch, chemicals, nausea, hunger and temperature

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7
Q

Special senses

A

Smell, Taste, Vision, Hearing and Equilibrium or balance

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8
Q

Process of sensation

A
  1. Begins at sensory receptor
  2. Responds to stimuli
  3. Selectivity - responds to a specific stimuli
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9
Q

Sensation to arise

A

Four events occur:

  1. Stimulation of the sensory receptor
  2. Transduction of the stimulus
  3. Generation of nerve impulses
  4. Integration of sensory input
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10
Q

Stimulation of the sensory receptor

A

Stimulation activates the receptor and produces a response

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11
Q

Transduction of the stimulus

A

Sensory receptor converts energy in a stimulus into a graded potential

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12
Q

Generation of nerve impulses

A

Graded potential in a sensory neurone reaches threshold and triggers a nerve impulse to the CNS

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13
Q

Integration of sensory input

A

CNS receives and integrates nerve impulses

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14
Q

Microscopic structure of sensory receptors

A
  1. Free nerve endings of first-order sensory neurons
  2. Encapsulated nerve endings of first-order sensory neurons
  3. Separate cells that synapse with first-order sensory neurons
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15
Q

Free nerve endings

A

Bare dendrites and lack structural specialisations

Receptors for; pain, temp, tickle, itch and some touch sensations

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16
Q

Encapsulated nerve endings

A

Receptors for somatic and visceral sensation.

The dendrites are enclosed in a connective tissue capsule that has a distinctive microscopic structure.

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17
Q

Separate cells

A

Sensory receptors for special senses, are specialised.

They synapse with sensory neurons.

Hair cells for hearing and equilibrium in the inner ear is an example

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18
Q

Sensory Receptors produce two kinds of graded potential:

A

Generator potential and Receptor potential.

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19
Q

Generator potential

A

Generate action potentials by the dendrite being stimulated and triggering a nerve impulse to the CNS

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20
Q

Receptor potential

A
  1. Sensory receptor that are Separate cells (special senses)
  2. Receptor potential trigger release of neurotransmitter through exocytosis of synaptic vesicles - diffuse across synaptic cleft and produce a PSP a post synaptic potential. PSP may trigger nerve impulses to the CNS
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21
Q

Location of receptors and origin of activating stimulus

A
  1. Exteroceptors
  2. Interceptors or visceroceptors
  3. Proprioceptors
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22
Q

Exteroceptors

A

Are located near external surface of the body.

They are sensitive to stimuli and produce info on external environment.

Hearing, vision, smell, taste, touch, pressure, vibration, temperature and pain.

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23
Q

Interceptors or visceroceptors

A

Are located in muscles, tendons, joints and inner ear.

They provide information about body posit, muscle length and tension and the position and movement of your joints.

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24
Q

Type of stimulus detected

A
  1. Mechanoreceptors
  2. Thermoreceptors
  3. Nocireceptors
  4. Photoreceptors
  5. Chemoreceptors
  6. Osmoreceptors
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25
Q

Mechanoreptors

A

Are sensitive to mechanical stimuli such as deformation, stretching or bending of cells.

Touch, pressure, vibration, proprioception and hearing and equilibrium

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26
Q

Thermoreceptors

A

Detect changes in temperature

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27
Q

Nocireceptors

A

Respond to painful stimuli, resulting from physical or chemical damage to tissue.

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28
Q

Photoreceptors

A

Detect light that strikes the retina of the eye

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29
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

Detect chemicals in the mouth (taste), nose (smell) and body fluids

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30
Q

Osmoreceptors

A

Detect the osmotic pressure of body fluids.

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31
Q

Adaptation in sensory receptors

A
  1. Rapidly adapting receptors

2. Slowly adapting receptors

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32
Q

Rapidly adapting receptors

A

Adapt very quickly.

They are specialised for signalling changes in a stimulus.

Pressure, touch and smell

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33
Q

Slowly adapting receptors

A

Adapt slowly and continue to trigger nerve impulses as long as the stimulus persists.

Pain, body position and chemical composition of blood.

34
Q

How is sensation different from perception?

A

Sensation is the detection of changes and perception is the awareness and interpretation of sensation.

35
Q

What is a sensory modality?

A

Each type of unique sensation, such as touch, pain, hearing or vision.

They are divided into 2 drops: general senses and special senses.

36
Q

How are generator potentials and receptor potentials similar?
How are they different?

A

They both trigger nerve impulses to propagate along the axon onto the CNS.

They differ because generator potentials are produced by free nerve endings and encapsulated nerve endings and are electrical.

Receptor potentials are produced by separate cells and are chemical.

37
Q

What is the difference between rapidly adapting and slowly adapting receptors?

A

Rapidly adapting responds quickly and are specialised for signalling changes.

Slowly adapting responds slower and continues to trigger nerve impulses as long as the stimulus persists.

38
Q

Which senses are served by receptors that are separate cells?

A

Hearing, vision, Taste and Smell.

39
Q

Somatic sensations

A

arise from stimulation of sensory receptors embedded in the skin or subcutaneous layer; in mucus membranes of the mouth, vagina and anus; in muscles, tendons and joints; and in the inner ear.

40
Q

Cutaneous sensations

A

are somatic sensations that arise from stimulating the skin surface

41
Q

There are four modalities for somatic sensation

A

Tactile, thermal, pain and proprioceptive

42
Q

Tactile sensations

A

touch, pressure, vibration, itch and tickle

43
Q

Touch sensations

A

is stimulated by tactile receptors in the skin or subcutaneous layer

44
Q

There are two types of rapidly adapting touch receptors

A

Meissner corpuscles and hair root plexuses

45
Q

There are two types of slow adapting touch receptors

A

Merkel discs and ruffini corpuscles

46
Q

Meissner corpuscles

A

Rapidly adapting touch receptors of corpscles, located in the dermal papillae of hairless skin.

They are abundant in the finger tips, hands, eyelids, tip of the tongue, lips, nipples, soles, clitoris and tip of the penis.

47
Q

Hair root plexuses

A

Rapidly adapting touch receptors found in hairy skin; they consist of free-nerve endings, wrapped around hair follicles.

Hair root plexuses detect movement on the skin surface that disturbs hairs.

48
Q

Merkel discs

A

Slowly adapting touch receptors.

Tactile discs or type 1 cutaneous mechanoreceptors, are saucer shaped, flattened free nerve endings that make contact with merkel cells of the stratum basale.

Finger tips, hands, lips and external genitalia.

49
Q

Ruffini corpuscles

A

Slowly adapting touch receptors.

Type 2 cutaneous mechanoreceptors. are elongated, encapsulated receptors located deep in the dermis, in ligaments and tendons.

50
Q

Pressure sensations

A

A sustained sensation that is felt over a larger area than in touch, occurs with deformation of deeper tissues.

Receptors include; Meissner corpuscles, Merkel discs and Pacinian or lamellated corpuscle.

51
Q

Pacinian or lamellated corpuscle

A

Is a large oval structure composed of multilayered connective tissue capsule that encloses a dendrite.

They are rapidly adapting touch receptors.

52
Q

Vibration sensation

A

Results from rapidly repetitive sensory signals from tactile receptors.

53
Q

Itch sensation

A

Results from stimulation of free nerve endings by certain chemicals such as bradykinin or antigens

54
Q

Tickle sensation

A

Free nerve endings trigger this.

This sensation arises only when someone else touches you, not when you touch yourself.

55
Q

Thermoreceptors

A

Are free nerve endings that have receptive fields about 1mm in diameter on the skin surface.

56
Q

Thermal sensations

A

There are two types: cold and warmth and are detected by different receptors.

57
Q

Cold receptors

A

Are located in the stratum basale of the epidermis and are attached to medium diameter myelinated A fibres although a few connect to small diamete unmyelinated C fibres.

Temperature between 10 and 40C (50 - 105F) activate cold receptors

58
Q

Warm receptors

A

Are located in the dermis and are attached to small diameter unmyelinated C fibres.

They are activated by temperatures between 32 and 48C (90 - 118F)

59
Q

Temperatures below or above the values of warm and cold receptors

A

Trigger pain receptors, rather than the thermoreceptors producing painful sensations.

60
Q

Nociceptors

A

The receptors for pain are free nerve endings found in every tissue of the body except the brain.

Intense thermal, mechanical or chemical stimuli can activate nociceptors.

61
Q

Types of pain

A

Fast and Slow pain

62
Q

Fast pain

A

Occurs very rapidly, usually within 0.1 seconds after stimulation is applied, because the nerve impulses propagate along medium-diameter, myelinated A fibres.

This type of pain is known as acute, sharp or pricking pain. Fast pain is not felt in deeper tissues of the body.

63
Q

Slow Pain

A

Begins a second or more after stimulus is applied.

It then gradually increases in intensity over a period of several seconds or minutes.

Impulses to slow pain conduct along small-diameter, unmyelinated C fibres.

This type of pain, which may be excruciation, is also referred to as chronic, burning, aching or throbbing pain.

Slow pain can occur both in the skin and in deeper tissues or internal organs.

64
Q

Superficial somatic pain

A

Pain that arises from stimulation receptors in the skin.

65
Q

Deep somatic pain

A

Pain in skeletal muscles, joints, tendons and fascia.

66
Q

Visceral pain

A

Results from stimulation in visceral (internal) organs

67
Q

Localisation of pain

A

Local and Referred pain.

68
Q

Local pain

A

Usually fast pain and is stimulated to a particular area.

Somatic slow pain is also local but can cover or diffuse a wider area.

69
Q

Referred pain

A

Is usually visceral pain.

The pain can’t be felt in the area/organ being stimulated but as it travels along the nerve pathway it is felt at a place where more receptors are present and is usually felt far away from the original stimulus.

70
Q

Proprioceptive sensations

A

Allow us to know where our head and limbs are located and how they are moving even if we are not looking at them, so that we can walk, type or dress without using our eyes.

71
Q

Kinesthesia

A

is the perception of body movements.

72
Q

Proprioceptors

A

these are the receptors that allow us to feel sensation. These are embedded in muscles and tendons.

Hair cells of the inner ear monitor orientation of the head.

73
Q

Weight discrimination

A

the ability to assess the weight of an object

74
Q

Muscle spindles

A

are proprioceptors in skeletal muscles that monitor changes in the length of the muscle and participate in stretch reflex.

75
Q

Tendon organs

A

are located at the junction of a tendon and a muscle

76
Q

Joint kinesthesia receptors

A

are present within and around the articular capsules of synovial joints.

77
Q

Which sensory receptors are encapsulated?

A

Tactile sensations, particularly Pacinian or lamellated corpuscle. Their dendrite is enclosed in a capsule and is rapidly adapting.

78
Q

Why do some receptors adapt slowly and some adapt rapidly?

A

Rapidly adapting receptors are in areas to quickly respond to a stimuli. This is an electrical transaction.

Slowly adapting receptors is is associated with pain and will persist long after the initial stimuli due to lingering effects from the chemical transaction.

79
Q

Which somatic sensory receptors, mediate touch sensations?

A

Meissner corpuscles, hair root plexuses and merkel discs

80
Q

How does fast pain differ from slow pain?

A

Fast pain occurs rapidly with 0.1 seconds after stimulation and propagate along myelinated A fibres.

Slow pain occurs a second or two after stimulation and propagates along unmyelinated C fibres.

Slow gradual pain where as fast is a quick sharp pain.

81
Q

What is referred pain and how it is useful in diagnosing internal disorders?

A

Referred pain is a pain experienced in a visceral organ but felt in another are of the body along the nerve pathway.

It can be useful in diagnosing certain disorders, such as problems with the heart, will be felt on the left side of the body or the left arm.

82
Q

What aspect of muscle function are monitored by muscle spindles and tendon organs?

A

Length of skeletal muscles and stretch reflex and tendon reflex.

Anatomy & Physiology (Tortora) (1 decks)

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