Chapter 16: Revolutions and National States in the Atlantic World- Vocab

Question 1

Adam Smith

Answer 1

1723–1790. Scottish philosopher and founder of modern political economy, and a key figure in the Scottish Enlightenment. Best known for An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, published in 1776.

Question 2

American Revolution

Answer 2

An ideological and political revolution from 1775 to 1783 (formally started with the battle of Lexington and the Declaration of Independence in 1776) where Britain’s 13 colonies fought for and won their independence with help from George Washington and France.

Question 3

Ancien régime

Answer 3

Meaning “old order,” and refers to the period prior to the French Revolution in 1789.

Question 4

Anti-Semitism

Answer 4

Term coined in the late nineteenth century that was associated with a prejudice against Jews and the political, social, and economic actions taken against them.

Question 5

Baron de Montesquieu

Answer 5

1689–1755 c.e. French political philosopher who advocated the separation of legislative, executive, and judicial government powers.

Question 6

Camillo di Cavour

Answer 6

1810–1861 c.e. Prime Minister to King Vittorio Emmanuel II of Piedmont and Sardinia, and key figure in bringing about the unification of Italy.

Question 7

Caudillos

Answer 7

Latin American term for nineteenth-century local military leaders.

Question 8

Civil Code

Answer 8

Civil law code promulgated by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1804.

Question 9

Congress of Vienna

Answer 9

Gathering of European diplomats in Vienna, Austria, from October 1814 to June 1815. The representatives of the “great powers” that defeated Napoleon— Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia— dominated the proceedings, which aimed to restore the prerevolutionary political
and social order.

Question 10

Conservatism

Answer 10

A modern ideology that arose in response to the American and French Revolutions that emphasized society as an organism that changed slowly over generations which condemned radical change (not natural).

Question 11

Continental Congress

Answer 11

A congress organized by American colonists in 1774 that coordinated the resistance to British policies in the 13 colonies.

Question 12

Criollos

Answer 12

Creoles, people born in the Americas of Spanish or Portuguese ancestry.

Question 13

Declaration of Independence

Answer 13

Drafted by Thomas Jefferson in 1776; the document expressed the ideas of John Locke and the Enlightenment, represented the idealism of the American rebels, and influenced other revolutions.

Question 14

Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen

Answer 14

Document from the French Revolution (1789) that was influenced by the American Declaration of Independence and in turn influenced other revolutionary movements.

Question 15

Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Female Citizen

Answer 15

A document published by Olympe de Gouges in 1791 which challenged it’s “man” equivalent and publicly asserted the equality of women.

Question 16

Deists

Answer 16

An Enlightenment view that accepted the existence of a god but denied the supernatural aspects of Christianity; in deism, the universe was an orderly realm maintained by rational and natural laws.

Question 17

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Answer 17

An American woman who went to London for an antislavery conference in 1840 but found that they wouldn’t let women in, so she built a women’s rights movement in Seneca Falls, NY that passed resolutions demanding that lawmakers grant women rights (voting, school, occupations, etc.)

Question 18

Enlightenment

Answer 18

Eighteenth-century philosophical movement that began in France; its emphasis was on the preeminence of reason rather than faith or tradition; it spread concepts from the Scientific Revolution.

Question 19

Estates General

Answer 19

An assembly that represented the 3 French estates: the Roman Catholic clergy, the nobles, and the rest of the population (serfs, peasants, urban residents with a variety of occupations, etc.). Each estate got one vote when the assembly voted on issues.

Question 20

French Revolution

Answer 20

A radical movement in France from 1789 to 1794 where leaders sought to replace the old order with new political, social, and cultural structures.

Question 21

Gens de couleur

Answer 21

French for “people of color,” referring to the mixed-race (second) group of residents in Saint-Domingue.

Question 22

George Washington

Answer 22

American general (1732-1799) who provided strong and imaginative military leadership for the colonial army, helping them win the war.

Question 23

Giuseppe Garibaldi

Answer 23

A charismatic soldier and nationalist who led the unification movement in Sicily and southern Italy, attracting recruits and delivering the region into King Vittorio Emanuele’s hands in 1860.

Question 24

Giuseppe Mazzini

Answer 24

An Italian nationalist (1805-1872) who formed the Young Italy group. He likened the nation to a family and its home and encouraged nationalist movements in other states.

Question 25

Gran Colombia

Answer 25

A republic made up of Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador (and maybe Peru and Bolivia) formed during the 1820s with the help of Simón Bolívar). It disintegrated by 1830 due to political and regional differences.

Question 26

Haitian revolution

Answer 26

A series of conflicts between Haitian slaves/gens de couleur (inspired by revolutionary ideals in America and the right to govern themselves/have equality), white colonists, and British/French armies from 1791 to 1804

Question 27

Jean-Jacques Rosseau

Answer 27

A French-Swiss thinker (1712-1778) who identified with simple working people and deeply resented the privileges enjoyed by the elite classes. He wrote “The Social Contract.”

Question 28

Johann Gottfried von Herder

Answer 28

German nationalist in the late 1700s who sang the praises of the German volk (people) and their language, relishing the uniqueness of individual communities and historical scholaship.

Question 29

John Locke

Answer 29

English philosopher who lived from 1632 to 1704 and worked on the natural laws of politics. He was against the divine right of monarchs and advocated for a constitutional government that rested in the governed, justifying the Glorious Revolution of 1688. He published the “Second Treatise of Civil Government” in 1790,” which supported popular sovereignty and the right of people to overthrow their rulers.

Question 30

Judenstaat

Answer 30

A pamphlet published by Herzl in 1896 which argued that Jews must mass migrate into a land they could call their own.

Question 31

Klemens von Metternich

Answer 31

A prince who lived from 1773 to 1859 and was the foreign minister of Austria. He helped the Congress of Vienna dismantle Napoleon’s empire. His goal was to suppress national consciousness (especially in the multicultural Austrian Empire).

Question 32

Levée en masse

Answer 32

A term signifying universal conscription during the radical phase of the French revolution.

Question 33

Liberalism

Answer 33

A modern ideology emerging from the Atlantic Revolution that welcomed change/progress and civil/voting rights. During the 19th century, it shifted from minimizing to maximizing the role of the government and minimizing the problems of industrialization.

Question 34

Louis XVI

Answer 34

1754–1793 C.E. The last king of France before the end of the French monarchy during the French Revolution, who was executed by guillotine.

Question 35

Mary Wollstonecraft

Answer 35

1759–1797. English writer, philosopher, and advocate of women’s rights, who wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Woman in 1792.

Question 36

Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla

Answer 36

Parish priest in Mexico who led a peasant rebellion and independence movement in 1810 (the day he started the revolt is a national holiday) by rallying indigenous peoples and mestizos against colonial rule.

Question 37

Napoleon Bonaparte

Answer 37

1769–1821 C.E. French military leader during the French Revolution who later seized power and crowned himself emperor from 1804 to 1814, and again in 1815 until he was defeated and exiled.

Question 38

National Assembly

Answer 38

An organization established in 1789 by representatives of the French third estate after they seceded from the Estates General. They met in an indoor tennis court and swore not to disband until they had given France a new constitution..

Question 39

Nationalism

Answer 39

Intense feelings of national identity and community with a distinct language, culture, values, history, and beliefs, that arose after the revolutions and during the 19th century. It had both cultural (unifying literature, for example) and political (establishing/unifying states) aspects.

Question 40

Olympe de Gouges

Answer 40

1748–1793 C.E. French feminist who authored the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen at the start of the French Revolution in 1789, which advocated for equal rights for women. De Gouges was later executed by the Jacobins during the Terror.

Question 41

Otto von Bismarck

Answer 41

1815–1898 C.E. Conservative German statesman who engineered the unification of Germany and then served as its first chancellor until 1890.

Question 42

Peninsulares

Answer 42

Latin American officials from Spain or Portugal.

Question 43

Philosophes

Answer 43

The French word for philosophers, or prominent intellectuals who addressed their works to the educated public. Philosophes in France were the center of enlightenment thought.

Question 44

Realpolitik

Answer 44

The Prussian Otto von Bismarck’s “politics of reality,” the belief that only the willingness to use force would actually bring about change.

Question 45

Reign of terror

Answer 45

A period during the French Revolution from 1789-1799 full of public executions and mass killings where the revolution was led by Maximilien Robespierre and the radical Jacobins.

Question 46

Simón Bolívar

Answer 46

1783–1830 C.E. Venezuelan military and political leader who led a number of Latin American states to independence from the Spanish.

Question 47

The Social Contract

Answer 47

A book written in 1762 by Rosseau which argued that the collective members of society were the sovereign and should participate directly in the formation of policies and laws; the “general will” of the people.

Question 48

Suffrage

Answer 48

The right or privilege to vote in order to elect public officials or to adopt laws. It got revolutionary significance from Enlightenment notions about self-government.

Question 49

Theodor Herzl

Answer 49

1860–1904 C.E. Jewish Austro-Hungarian writer and journalist who founded the modern Zionist movement.

Question 50

Toussaint Louverture

Answer 50

1743–1803 C.E. Haitian general and leader of the Haitian Revolution against the French until his death in a French prison.

Question 51

Unification of Germany

Answer 51

A “blood and iron” unification where Bismarck reformed and expanded the Prussian army and provoked wars to swell German pride. It happened in 1871 when the Prussian king proclaimed himself emperor of the Second German Empire.

Question 52

Unification of Italy

Answer 52

The process by which political leaders combined forces with nationalist advocates, expelling Austrian authorities from northern Italy and unifying southern Italy, eventually making the kingdom of Piedmont and Sardinia into the kingdom of Italy.

Question 53

Volksgeist

Answer 53

The popular soul or essence of the community in Germany. The Grimm brothers collected poetry, stories, songs, and tales as expressions of it.

Question 54

Voltaire

Answer 54

1712–1778 C.E. French Enlightenment writer and philosopher famous for his wit and criticism of the Catholic church. His real name was Francois-Marie Arouet.

Question 55

Waterloo

Answer 55

A battle in 1815 in Belgium where the British ended Napoleon’s 100-day rule of France (after he had been banished to Elba. He was banished to the island of St. Helena and died in 1821.

Question 56

William Wilberforce

Answer 56

English Philanthropist (1759-1833) with a seat in Parliament who attacked slavery on moral and religious grounds, attracting supporters. In 1807, Parliament passed his bill to end the slave trade.

Question 57

Young Italy

Answer 57

A group formed by Mazzini that promoted independence from Austrian and Spanish rule and the establishment of an Italian national state.

Question 58

Zionism

Answer 58

A political movement that holds that the Jewish people constitute a nation and have the right to their own national homeland.