Chapter 16 Part 2 - Respiratory Physiology Flashcards
The respiratory system works together with the cardiovascular system to create the _______________ system
cardiopulmonary system
What “things” are a part of or go on in the cardiopulmonary system?
- blood vessels
- blood gasses (O2, CO2)
- gas exchange (@ pulmonary capillaries, systemic capillaries)
What is the function of the cardiopulmonary/respiratory system?
oxygenate blood at the lungs (for the tissue; O2 loads onto Hb and Hb will unload O2 to the tissue)
remove CO2 (toxic waste) from the tissue
Be able to follow air flow through all of the anatomical parts of the respiratory system.
Name the different zones and identify which anatomic parts are a part of the named zones.
Nasal passage ⮕ nasal cavity ⮕ pharynx (throat) ⮕ larynx (voicebox) ⮕ trachea ⮕ R and L primary bronchi ⮕ secondary bronchi ⮕ tertiary bronchi ⮕ terminal bronchioles ⮕
(Conducting Zone/URT)
respiratory bronchioles ⮕ alveoli/alveolar sacs
(Respiratory Zone/LRT)
What is the function of the conducting zone/URT?
conduct air into lungs
What is the function of the respiratory zone/LRT?
site of pulmonary gas exchange
Breathing is also called ___________ ____________
pulmonary ventilation
Name the two parts of pulmonary ventilation
inspiration = breathing in
expiration = breathing out
How is pulmonary ventilation achieved?
changing thoracic cavity/lung volume
What are the major muscles (discussed in class) involved in pulmonary ventilation/breathing?
Diaphragm
External intercostal muscles
Internal intercostal muscles
Describe the “function” of the diaphragm
inspiration: contracts and lowers, making thoracic cavity larger (flat)
⬆Volume = ⬇Pressure
expiration: relaxes and raises, making thoracic cavity smaller (dome shape)
⬇Volume = ⬆Pressure
Describe the function of the external intercostal muscles
raises rib cage (up and out) during inspiration
⬆Volume = ⬇Pressure
Describe the function of the internal intercostal muscle
lowers rib cage (down and in) during expiration
⬇Volume = ⬆Pressure
How are volume and pressure related to each other?
Inversely related
⬆Volume = ⬇Pressure
⬇Volume = ⬆Pressure
What determines the direction of airflow?
pressure gradient
(pressure will always move from high to low)
TRUE or FALSE: Atmospheric pressure can decrease or increase depending on if the person is at rest, inhaling, or exhaling.
False, atmospheric pressure is constant because it is based on the environment
What happens if intrapulmonary pressure is greater than intrapleural pressure, vs if intrapleural pressure is greater than intrapulmonary pressure?
Intrapulmonary > intrapleural: lungs remain inflated
Intrapleural > intrapulmonary: lungs will collapse
Why is there no air movement at rest?
There is no air movement at rest because the atmospheric pressure and intrapulmonary pressure are the same (for a short period of time)
What is the value of atmospheric pressure when lungs are at rest, are inhaling, and are exhaling?
760 mmHg
(is constant)
What is the value of intrapulmonary pressure when lungs are at rest, are inhaling, and are exhaling?
At rest: 760 mmHg
Inspiration: 757 mmHg
Expiration: 763 mmHg
What is the value of intrapleural pressure when lungs are at rest, are inhaling, and are exhaling?
At rest: 756 mmHg
Inspiration: 754 mmHg
Expiration: 757 mmHg
Why is intrapleural pressure always below 760 mm Hg in a healthy person? (hint – what do the alveoli & chest wall naturally want to do?)
Alveoli wants to recoil inward while chest wall wants to recoil outwards
If intrapleural pressure is 754 mm Hg and intrapulmonary pressure is 757 mm Hg, what will happen?
inspiration (lungs are inflated)
When determining the direction of airflow, what which pressure values are you comparing?
Atmospheric ℗ vs Intrapulmonary ℗
Are the lungs at rest, or is inspiration or expiration occuring?
Atmospheric pressure: 760mmHg
Intrapulmonary pressure: 760mmHg
Intrapleural pressure: 756 mmHg
at rest
(because atm℗ is equal to intrapulmonary ℗)
Are the lungs at rest, or is inspiration or expiration occuring?
Atmospheric pressure: 760mmHg
Intrapulmonary pressure: 757mmHg
Intrapleural pressure: 754 mmHg
inspiration
(pressure decreases in lungs = volume is increasing = taking in O2 = inspiration)
diaphragm contracts and external intercostals raises rib cage (up and out)
Are the lungs at rest, or is inspiration or expiration occuring?
Atmospheric pressure: 760mmHg
Intrapulmonary pressure: 763mmHg
Intrapleural pressure: 757 mmHg
expiration
(pressure increases in lungs = decrease volume = expiration)
diaphram relaxes and internal intercostals lower ribcage (in and down)
At rest, ________ pressure is greater than ___________ pressure. This is because lungs are __________ inflated to prevent smaller alveolar spaces from ____________
intrapulmonary (760)
intrapleural (756)
partially
collapsing
During inspiration, what explains why both intrapulmonary pressure and intrapleural pressure decrease (compared to resting state)
diaphragm and intercostals contract to move diaphragm flat and ribcage up and out -> increase in thoracic cavity volume = decrease in pressure
What is transpulmonary pressure?
intrapulmonary ℗ - intrapleural ℗
Why is the transpulmonary pressure always a positive value?
is positive because lungs remain partially inflated so the intrapulmonary ℗ needs to be greater than intrapleural ℗
(if it wasn’t, this means that the lungs are/had collapsed)
Calculate the transpulmonary pressure for the lungs at rest, inhaling, and exhaling
at rest: +4
inspiration: +3
expiration: +6
As inspired air gets deeper in the body, it is…
- warmed
- filtered (cleaned)
- humidified
- channels into small spaces of alveoli -> site of gas exchange
Why does inspired air need to be warmed
tissue is sensitive to cold air
How is inspired air filtered(cleaned)
by nose hairs and ciliated cells in trachea
Why does inspired air need to be humidified?
needs to gain water vapor (from watery mucous lining) because if not, the dry air dehydrates alveolar space and damages alveolar cells
Explain why a person will have difficulty inflating their lung in the condition called pneumothorax.
Pneumothorax is a condition in which air goes into the pleural cavity (?)
Air pressure increases in the pleural cavity (because air wants to move from atmosphere; high to pleural cavity; low). If pressure increases more than intrapulmonary pressure, the lungs will collapse
TRUE or FALSE: A contracted diaphragm and contracted external intercostal muscles lead to inspiration
True