Chapter 16: Navigation

Question 1

What is Pilotage ?

Answer 1

Navigating by 1) reference to visible landmarks,, 2) dead reckoning, 3) computations of direction and distance from known position and 4) radio navigation aids

Question 2

List all charts uses by VFR pilots.

Answer 2

Sectional, VFR Terminal, World Aeronautical

Question 3

Whats the scale used on Sectional Charts ?

Answer 3

1:500,000 or 1 inch = 6.8 NM or 8 SM

Question 4

How often are sectional charts revised ?

Answer 4

US = Semi-annually Global = Annually

Question 5

When are VFR Terminal charts best used ?

Answer 5

Near Class B Airspace.

Question 6

Whats the scale on VFR Sectional charts ?

Answer 6

1:250,000 or 1 inch = 3.43 NM or 3 SM

Question 7

How often are VFR Charts revised ?

Answer 7

Semi-annually.

Question 8

What is the scale on World Aeronautical Charts ?

Answer 8

1:1,000,000 or 1 inch = 13.7 NM or 16 SM

Question 9

What degrees longitude is the continental United States between ?

Answer 9

67 and 125 degrees longitude.

Question 10

What rate (in degrees longitude) does the earth rotate ?

Answer 10

15 degrees per hour.

Question 11

What is Universal Coordinated Time (UTC) ?

Answer 11

Zulu time; Time at 0 degrees longitude = Greenwich England.

Question 12

What is UTC time at 5PM in Raleigh NC ?

Answer 12

10 PM Zulu

Question 13

What is UTC time at 12 PM in Chicago ?

Answer 13

6 PM Zulu

Question 14

What is UTC time at 8 AM in CA ?

Answer 14

4 PM Zulu

Question 15

What is UTC time at 1 PM in Denver ?

Answer 15

8PM Zulu

Question 16

What is Variation ?

Answer 16

The angle between True North (TN) and Magnetic North (MN)

Question 17

How far is MN from TN ?

Answer 17

1300 Miles

Question 18

How is variation illustrated on Aeronautical charts ?

Answer 18

Isogonic lines (magenta). the lines with no variation between TN and MN are called Agonic lines.

Question 19

On the west coast of US, which way does a magnetic compass point ?

Answer 19

East of True North (TN)

Question 20

On the east coast of US, which way does a magnetic compass point ?

Answer 20

West of True North (TN)

Question 21

Where in the US does the agonic line run ?

Answer 21

west of great lakes (Chicago), Wisconsin, Illinois, western Tennessee, Mississippi, and Alabama.

Question 22

How do you convert from True direction to Magnetic direction ?

Answer 22

Add or substract the mangentic variation indicated by the nearest isogonic line.

Question 23

What must be considered when flying a True Course (TC) with a compass ?

Answer 23

1) magnetic variation, 2) compass deviation 3) wind correction

Question 24

If flying a TC of East, with a “9 degree Eeast” variation, what must the magnetic heading be ?

Answer 24

TC East = 90 degrees.. SUBTRACT 9 degrees variation = 81 degrees.

Question 25

If flying a TC of South, with a "5 degree West" variation, what must the magnetic heading be ?

Answer 25

TC South = 180 degrees. ADD 5 degrees variation = 185 degrees.

Question 26

What is Deviation ?

Answer 26

Deflection of the compass heading due to magnetic influences in the aircraft; electrical circuits, radio, lights, tools, engine, magnetic parts etc.

Question 27

How is compass deviation checked ?

Answer 27

maintenance process called "swinging the compass"

Question 28

Define "compass heading"

Answer 28

The magnetic heading corrected for deviation.

Question 29

Describe the relationship between Airspeed (AS) and Groundspeed (GS)

Answer 29

GS is determined by combining the movement of the aircraft with that of the air mass.

Question 30

What is an aircraft's Heading ?

Answer 30

Direction in which the nose of the aircraft points during flight.

Question 31

What is an aircraft's Track ?

Answer 31

The actual path made over the ground in flight.

Question 32

What is an aircraft's Drift angle ?

Answer 32

The angle between heading and track.

Question 33

What is ground speed (GS) ?

Answer 33

The rate of an aircraft's inflight progress over the ground.

Question 34

What is Magnetic Variation ?

Answer 34

The change represented by Isogonic lines.

Question 35

What is magnetic Deviation ?

Answer 35

An aircrafts internal effect upon onboard compass systems.

Question 36

Describe wind if: 25 knots from 360

Answer 36

Air is moving southward at 25 NM in 1 hour.

Question 37

What is the Wind Correction Angle (WCA)?

Answer 37

The angle at which the pilot must correct for wind drift. i.e. if wind blowing from left, pilot must point aircraft to left to compensate)

Question 38

When estimating fuel consumption, what must a pilot plan for ?

Answer 38

cruise speed, startup and taxi, higher fuel burn during climb. and Fuel reserve!

Question 39

What is a wind triangle used for ?

Answer 39

The basis for dead reckoning.. a graphing explanation of the effect of wind upon flight. Can be used to determine Ground Speed, heading and time for flight.

Question 40

How often are AFD NOTAMS issued ?

Answer 40

Every 28 days.

Question 41

What radio systems are available for VFR navigation?

Answer 41

VHF Omnidirectional Range (VOR), Nondirectional Radio Beacon (NDB), Global Position System (GPS)

Question 42

Name 3 variants of VOR Systems.

Answer 42

VOR: Magnetic Bearing info from station. VOR/DME: Bearing + Distance, VORTAC: bearing + tacatical Nav

Question 43

What frequency do VOR ground stations transmit at ?

Answer 43

VHF (108.0 - 117.95)

Question 44

What is the general reception range of VOR signals at an altitude of 1000 ft AGL ?

Answer 44

40 - 45 statute miles

Question 45

What is useful range of VOR class T below 12,000' ?

Answer 45

25 miles

Question 46

What is useful range of VOR class L below 18,000' ?

Answer 46

40 miles

Question 47

What is useful range of VOR class H below 14,500' ?

Answer 47

40 miles

Question 48

What is useful range of VOR class H between 14,500' and 17,999' in conterminous 48 states ?

Answer 48

100 miles

Question 49

What is useful range of VOR class H between 18,000' and FL 450 ?

Answer 49

130 miles

Question 50

What is useful range of VOR class H between FL 450 and 60,000' ?

Answer 50

100 miles

Question 51

Describe 3 means for checking VOR receiver accuracy.

Answer 51

FAA VOR test facility, Certified airborne checks, certified ground checks.

Question 52

How do you perform a VOR receiver check if an aircraft has dual receivers ?

Answer 52

Tune both to the same VOR ground facility. Max variation is 4%

Question 53

Name 3 types of VOR navigational aids.

Answer 53

Course Deviation Indicator (CDI), Horizontal Situation Indicator (HSI), Radio Magnetic Indicator (RMI)