Chapter 16: Navigation Flashcards
What is Pilotage ?
Navigating by 1) reference to visible landmarks,, 2) dead reckoning, 3) computations of direction and distance from known position and 4) radio navigation aids
List all charts uses by VFR pilots.
Sectional, VFR Terminal, World Aeronautical
Whats the scale used on Sectional Charts ?
1:500,000 or 1 inch = 6.8 NM or 8 SM
How often are sectional charts revised ?
US = Semi-annually Global = Annually
When are VFR Terminal charts best used ?
Near Class B Airspace.
Whats the scale on VFR Sectional charts ?
1:250,000 or 1 inch = 3.43 NM or 3 SM
How often are VFR Charts revised ?
Semi-annually.
What is the scale on World Aeronautical Charts ?
1:1,000,000 or 1 inch = 13.7 NM or 16 SM
What degrees longitude is the continental United States between ?
67 and 125 degrees longitude.
What rate (in degrees longitude) does the earth rotate ?
15 degrees per hour.
What is Universal Coordinated Time (UTC) ?
Zulu time; Time at 0 degrees longitude = Greenwich England.
What is UTC time at 5PM in Raleigh NC ?
10 PM Zulu
What is UTC time at 12 PM in Chicago ?
6 PM Zulu
What is UTC time at 8 AM in CA ?
4 PM Zulu
What is UTC time at 1 PM in Denver ?
8PM Zulu
What is Variation ?
The angle between True North (TN) and Magnetic North (MN)
How far is MN from TN ?
1300 Miles
How is variation illustrated on Aeronautical charts ?
Isogonic lines (magenta). the lines with no variation between TN and MN are called Agonic lines.
On the west coast of US, which way does a magnetic compass point ?
East of True North (TN)
On the east coast of US, which way does a magnetic compass point ?
West of True North (TN)
Where in the US does the agonic line run ?
west of great lakes (Chicago), Wisconsin, Illinois, western Tennessee, Mississippi, and Alabama.
How do you convert from True direction to Magnetic direction ?
Add or substract the mangentic variation indicated by the nearest isogonic line.
What must be considered when flying a True Course (TC) with a compass ?
1) magnetic variation, 2) compass deviation 3) wind correction
If flying a TC of East, with a “9 degree Eeast” variation, what must the magnetic heading be ?
TC East = 90 degrees.. SUBTRACT 9 degrees variation = 81 degrees.
If flying a TC of South, with a “5 degree West” variation, what must the magnetic heading be ?
TC South = 180 degrees. ADD 5 degrees variation = 185 degrees.
What is Deviation ?
Deflection of the compass heading due to magnetic influences in the aircraft; electrical circuits, radio, lights, tools, engine, magnetic parts etc.
How is compass deviation checked ?
maintenance process called “swinging the compass”
Define “compass heading”
The magnetic heading corrected for deviation.
Describe the relationship between Airspeed (AS) and Groundspeed (GS)
GS is determined by combining the movement of the aircraft with that of the air mass.
What is an aircraft’s Heading ?
Direction in which the nose of the aircraft points during flight.
What is an aircraft’s Track ?
The actual path made over the ground in flight.
What is an aircraft’s Drift angle ?
The angle between heading and track.
What is ground speed (GS) ?
The rate of an aircraft’s inflight progress over the ground.
What is Magnetic Variation ?
The change represented by Isogonic lines.
What is magnetic Deviation ?
An aircrafts internal effect upon onboard compass systems.
Describe wind if: 25 knots from 360
Air is moving southward at 25 NM in 1 hour.
What is the Wind Correction Angle (WCA)?
The angle at which the pilot must correct for wind drift. i.e. if wind blowing from left, pilot must point aircraft to left to compensate)
When estimating fuel consumption, what must a pilot plan for ?
cruise speed, startup and taxi, higher fuel burn during climb. and Fuel reserve!
What is a wind triangle used for ?
The basis for dead reckoning.. a graphing explanation of the effect of wind upon flight. Can be used to determine Ground Speed, heading and time for flight.
How often are AFD NOTAMS issued ?
Every 28 days.
What radio systems are available for VFR navigation?
VHF Omnidirectional Range (VOR), Nondirectional Radio Beacon (NDB), Global Position System (GPS)
Name 3 variants of VOR Systems.
VOR: Magnetic Bearing info from station. VOR/DME: Bearing + Distance, VORTAC: bearing + tacatical Nav
What frequency do VOR ground stations transmit at ?
VHF (108.0 - 117.95)
What is the general reception range of VOR signals at an altitude of 1000 ft AGL ?
40 - 45 statute miles
What is useful range of VOR class T below 12,000’ ?
25 miles
What is useful range of VOR class L below 18,000’ ?
40 miles
What is useful range of VOR class H below 14,500’ ?
40 miles
What is useful range of VOR class H between 14,500’ and 17,999’ in conterminous 48 states ?
100 miles
What is useful range of VOR class H between 18,000’ and FL 450 ?
130 miles
What is useful range of VOR class H between FL 450 and 60,000’ ?
100 miles
Describe 3 means for checking VOR receiver accuracy.
FAA VOR test facility, Certified airborne checks, certified ground checks.
How do you perform a VOR receiver check if an aircraft has dual receivers ?
Tune both to the same VOR ground facility. Max variation is 4%
Name 3 types of VOR navigational aids.
Course Deviation Indicator (CDI), Horizontal Situation Indicator (HSI), Radio Magnetic Indicator (RMI)
