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Ap Biology > Chapter 16: Molecular Basis of Inheritance > Flashcards

Chapter 16: Molecular Basis of Inheritance Flashcards

0
Q

Why did researchers originally think that protein was the genetic material?

A

Identified as a class of macromolecules with great heterogeneity and specificity of function

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1
Q

What are the two chemical components of chromosomes?

A

DNA and protein

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2
Q

Distinguish between the virulent and nonvirulent strains of pneumonia

A

Virulent: living s cells
Nonvirulent: living r cells and heat killed s cells

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3
Q

What was the purpose of griffiths studies

A

Find a vaccine for pneumonia

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4
Q

Define transformation

A

Defined as a change in genotype and phenotype due to the assimilation of external DNA by a cell

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5
Q

What did Avery determine to be the transforming factor?

A

DNA

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6
Q

Explain Avery’s experimental approach

A

Took out the contents of a heat killed pathogenic bacteria. Treated three samples with an agent that inactivated one type of molecule. Tested the sample for ability to transform live nonpathogenic bacteria. Only when DNA stayed did transformation happen

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7
Q

How does a bacteriophage destroy a bacterial cell

A 
Attachment 
Entry 
Synthesis 
Assembly
Release
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8
Q

How did Hershey and Chase label viral DNA and viral proteins so that they could be distinguished

A

They wanted to see which of these molecules entered the cells and could reprogram them to make more Phages

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9
Q

Describe the means by which Hershey and Chase established that only the DNA of the phages entered an E. coli cell. What conclusions did the scientist draw based on these observations

A

Phage DNA entered bacterial cells but phage proteins did not. Hershey and Chase concluded that DNA, not proteins, function as the genetic material of phage T2

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10
Q

What are chargaffs rules? How did he arrive at them?

A

The bass composition varies between species
Within a species the number of A and T bases are equal and the number G and C bases
He studied the ratios between the bases

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11
Q

This the three components of a nucleotide

A

Phosphate, deoxyribose, nucleic acid

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12
Q

Who built the first model of DNA and should the 1962 Nobel Prize for discovery of its structure

A

Watson and Crick

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13
Q

What was the role of Rosalind Franklin in the discovery of the double helix

A

X-ray crystallography

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14
Q

Do you distinguish between the structure of pyrimidines and purines. Explain why adenine bonds only to thymine

A

Pyrimidines have one organic green while purines have two organic rings
They fit together like a puzzle

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15
Q

How did Watson and crick’s model explain the basis of chargaffs rules

A

The model show that for DNA double helix structure to work. A -T and C-G

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16
Q

Adenine and guanine are both…

A

Purines

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17
Q

Cytosine thymine and Uracil are all

A

Pyrimidine

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18
Q

Explain the base pairing rule

A

A forms two hydrogen bonds with T
G forms three hydrogen bonds with C
Pyrimidines always bind to purines

19
Q

Distance across molecule
Distance between nucleotides
Distance between turns

A

1nm
.34nm
3.4nm

20
Q

Components of the backbone

Components of the rungs

A

Sugar (deoxyribose) and phosphate

Nitrogenous base

21
Q

Explain what is meant by five’ and three’ ends of the nucleotide

A

Third carbon and deoxyribose close the phosphate group

Fifth carbon in the deoxyribose close to the OH group

22
Q

What is a semi conservative model of replication

A

Double strand separate a new DNA forms old strand as template

23
Q

Who performed experiments that elucidated the correct mechanism of DNA replication

A

Meselson and Stahl

24
Q

How did Meselson and stahl create heavy DNA for their experiments

A

Marking with N15

25
Q

Defined the origins of replication

A

Short stretches of DNA having a specific sequence of nucleotides

26
Q

Distinguish between leading in the lagging strands during DNA replication

A

Leading: DNA pol 3 adds nucleotides to the new complementary 5’-3’
Lagging: DNA pol3 world along the other template in the othe direction 3’-5’

27
Q

What is the direction of synthesis of the new strand

A

From 5’ to 3’

28
Q

What are Okazaki fragments? How are they welded together?

A

The lighting is synthesized discontinuously as a series of segments
welded together by DNA ligase

29
Q

Which enzyme untwists and separate strands

A

Helo case

30
Q

Which enzyme holds DNA strands apart

A

Single-stranded binding protein

31
Q

Which enzyme synthesizes RNA primer

A

Primase

32
Q

Which enzyme ads DNA nucleotides to new strands

A

DNA polymerize three

33
Q

Enzyme to relieve strain cause by unwinding

A

Topoisomerase

34
Q

Which enzyme joins DNA fragments together

A

DNA ligase

35
Q

Which enzyme removes are in a primary replaces with DNA

A

DNA polymerase one

36
Q

Steps that occur in the synthesis of a new strand

A

Helicase unwinds the double helix
SSBP stabilizes
Leading strand synthesizes in 5’-3’ direction by DNA pol lll
Primase synthesizes RNA primer for Okaxaki fragments
DNA nucleotides added to RNA primer Okazaki fragments
DNA pol l removes RNA primer and adds DNA
DNA ligase bonds Okazaki fragments

37
Q

What is the role of DNA pol

A

Adds new nucleotides

38
Q

What is the role of the nuclease

A

Exices damage area of DNA

39
Q

What is the role of ligase

A

Seals free ends of DNA

40
Q

What is the role of repair enzymes

A

To repair a genetic damage

41
Q

What is a thymine dimer? How might it occur? How is it repaired?

A

Covalent the linking of thymine is Thymine dimer
It is repaired by nucleotide exicion repair
It can occur by exposure of ultraviolet rays from the sun

42
Q

Explain telomere erosion and the role of telomerase

A

Catalyzes the lengthening of telomeres and eukaryotic germ cells thus restoring their original length compensating for the shortening that occurs during DNA replication

43
Q

Why are cancer cells immortal but most body cells have a limited life span

A

Cancer cells have the ability to stabilize the telomerase causing it to be able to live longer

44
Q

Distinguish between heterochromatin and euchromatin

A

In heterochromatin it is more compact and in irregular clumps. In euchromatin it is more dispersed and can be expressed

Ap Biology (2 decks)

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