Chapter 16 Endocrine System BIO202

Question 0

Effects of Hormones

Answer 0

1. Alters membrane permeability and/or membrane potential
2. Stimulates synthesis of proteins (including enzymes) or regulatory molecules within the cell
3. Activates or deactivates enzymes
4. Induces secretory activity
5. Stimulates mitosis

Question 0

Endocrine glands

Answer 0

Produce hormones and are ductless

Question 1

Functions of the Endocrine System

Answer 1

1. Produces hormones that regulate body function.
2. Hormones travel through the bloodstream to target tissue.
3. Hormones have longer effects than the nervous system would.

Question 2

Target cell activation (where it takes affect)

Answer 2

• Depends on 3 things
1. Amount of hormone in the blood
2. Number of receptors in the cell
3. Strength of bond between hormone and receptor
• Increase in any of these results in a stronger affect
• Number of receptors can very depending on conditions within the body

Question 2

Endocrine organs

Answer 2

Scattered throughout the body

Question 3

Pure endocrine organs

Answer 3

1. Pituitary
2. Thyroid
3. Parathyroid
4. Pineal
5. Adrenal gland
6. Thymus

Question 4

Neuroendocrine

Answer 4

Hypothalamus

Question 5

Organs containing endocrine tissue

Answer 5

1. Pancreas
2. Ovaries
3. Placenta
4. Testes

Question 6

Pockets of endocrine tissue in:

Answer 6

1. Stomach
2. Kidneys
3. Small intestines
4. Heart

Question 7

Pancreas

Answer 7

Located behind the stomach (retro peritoneal in humans)
Endocrine and exocrine in function
Within the pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans) there are alpha and beta cells

Question 8

Alpha cells

Answer 8

Produce glucagon

- Stimulates liver to breakdown glycogen into glucose to raise blood sugar levels

Question 9

Beta cells

Answer 9

Produce insulin

• Stimulates tissues to take up sugar
• Stimulates liver to make glycogen from glucose

Question 10

Type 1 diabetes

Answer 10

(Juvenile diabetes) Not enough insulin is made

Question 11

Type 2 diabetes

Answer 11

(Adult onset) Insulin made; but not functioning properly

Question 12

Diabetes mellitus

Answer 12

Sugar in diet cannot be absorbed
Sugar is excreted in urine 
Ketones in urine
Excessive urine production 
Excessive thirst and hunger

Question 13

Why does someone with diabetes have excessive urine production?

Answer 13

Their body is trying to dilute sugar

Question 14

Ketones in urine (diabetes mellitus symptom)

Answer 14

Fats are broken down as energy sources (which causes weight loss)
Ketones are a by-product of fat digestion

Question 15

Thymus

Answer 15

Located deep to the sternum
Large in children
Produces hormones needed for normal T lymphocyte development

Question 16

Hormone activity

Answer 16

• Hormones have big effects in small numbers
– Remember each step of the pathway can multiply the effect that 1 molecule has
• Length of time that a hormone remains in circulation varies widely depending on the hormone
• How quickly the final effect is seen can be almost immediate to days later
• Duration of the final effect can be seconds to hours