Chapter 16: Endocrine System Flashcards
Hypothalamus: Growth Hormone Releasing (GHRH)
Made in the hypothalamus and stored/secreted by the anterior pituitary; Triggered by low levels of GH; Targets the ant. pituitary to release GH
Hypothalamus: Growth Hormone Inhibiting (GHIH)
Made in the hypothalamus and stored/secreted by the anterior pituitary; Targets the ant. pituitary to inhibit the release of GH
Hypothalamus: Thyrotropin Releasing (TRH)
Made in the hypothalamus and stored/secreted in the anterior pituitary; Targets the thyroid gland to release TH
Hypothalamus: Corticotropin Releasing (CRH)
Made in the hypothalamus and stored/secreted in the anterior pituitary; Targets adrenal cortex to stimulate the release of ACTH
Hypothalamus: Gonadotropin Releasing (GnRH)
Made in the hypothalamus and stored/secreted in the anterior pituitary; Targets the ovaries and testes to stimulate the release of estrogens, progesterone, and testosterone
Hypothalamus: Prolactin Inhibiting (PIH)
Made in the hypothalamus and stored/secreted in the anterior pituitary; Secreted by the ant. pituitary to inhibit the release of prolactin
Hypothalamus: Oxytocin (OT)
Made in the hypothalamus and stored/secreted in the posterior pituitary; Secreted by nerve impulses from the hypothalamus in response to uterine/cervical stretching and targets the uterus and mammary glands
Hypothalamus: Antidiuretic (ADH)
Made in the hypothalamus and stored/secreted in the posterior pituitary; Secreted by nerve impulses from the hypothalamus in response to increased blood solute concentration and targets the kidneys to reabsorb water; Hyper: SIADH, Hypo: diabetes insipidus
Anterior Pituitary: Adrenocorticotropic (ACTH)
Stimulated by CRH and secreted by the anterior pituitary; Targets the adrenal cortex and promotes release of glucocorticoids and androgens; Hyper: Cushing’s Disease
Anterior Pituitary: Growth Hormone (GH)
Stimulated by GHRH/inhibited by GHIH and secreted by the anterior pituitary; Targets the liver, bone, muscle, cartilage, and other tissues and stimulates somatic growth; Hyper: gigantism/acromegaly, Hypo: pituitary dwarfism
Anterior Pituitary: Thyroid Stimulating (TSH)
Simulated by TRH and secreted by the anterior pituitary; Targets the thyroid gland and stimulates the release of TH
Anterior Pituitary: Follicle Stimulating (FSH)
Stimulated by GnRH and secreted by the anterior pituitary; Targets the ovaries and testes to produce follicle maturation and progesterone/estrogen in the ovaries and release of testosterone in the testes; Hypo: failure of sexual maturation
Anterior Pituitary: Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
Stimulated by GnRH and secreted by the anterior pituitary; Targets the ovaries and testes to produce follicle maturation and progesterone/estrogen in the ovaries and release of testosterone in the testes; Hypo: failure of sexual maturation
Anterior Pituitary: Prolactin (PRL)
Stimulated by the decrease of PIH in the blood and secreted by the anterior pituitary; Targets breast/mammary tissue to milk production and lactation
Adrenal Medulla: Norepinephrine, Epinephrine, and Dopamine
Produced and secreted by the adrenal medulla; Stimulated by preganglionic fibers of the sympathetic nervous system and target most body cells and produce the “fight-or-flight” response; Hyper: prolonged F-or-F response
Adrenal Cortex: Mineralocorticoids (Aldosterone)
Stimulated by angiotensin and elevated K+ levels in the blood and secreted by the zona glomerulosa; Targets the kidneys to increase the reabsorption of sodium in water and increased secretion of K+ in urine; Hyper: aldosteronism, Hypo: Addison’s Disease
Adrenal Cortex: Glucocorticoids (Cortisol)
Stimulated by ACTH and secreted by the zona fasciculata; Targets most body cells to stimulate glucogenesis/hyperglycemia, fat energy metabolism, protein catabolism, resist stressors and depress immune response and inflammation; Hyper: Cushing’s Syndrome, Hypo: Addison’s Disease
Adrenal Cortex: Gonadocorticoids (Androgens)
Stimulated by ACTH and secreted by the zona reticularis; Targets bone, muscle, and other tissues: In females - promotes growth, pubic hair, and sex drive; Hyper: masculinization of females, Hypo: no effects
Thyroid Gland: Calcitonin
Stimulated by high calcium levels in the blood and secreted by the thyroid gland; Targets the bones
Thyroid Gland: Thyroid Hormone (T3 - triiodothyronine, T4 - thyroxine, Thyroglobulin)
Stimulated by TSH and secreted by the thyroid gland; Targets most body cells and increases/stimulates basal metabolic rate, tissue growth/regulation, BP regulation, and heat production; Hyper: hyperthyroidism/Grave’s Disease, Hypo: hypothyroidism
Parathyroid Gland: Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
Stimulated by low calcium levels in the blood and secreted by the parathyroid gland; Targets the bones and kidneys to increase blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclasts and the reabsorption of calcium by the kidneys; Hyper: hyperparathyroidism/osteitis fibrosa cystica, Hypo: hypoparathyroidism/tetany
Pancreas: Glucagon
Stimulated by decreased blood sugar levels and the sympathetic nervous system and released by the pancreas; Targets the liver and adipose tissue to stimulate the breakdown of glycogen into glucose (glycogenolysis), synthesis of glucose from lactic acid (gluconeogenesis), and the release of glucose into the blood; Hyper: hyperglycemia/type 2 diabetes, Hypo: hypoglycemia
Pancreas: Insulin
Stimulated by increased blood sugar levels and the parasympathetic nervous system and secreted by the pancreas; Targets most body cells and enhances the transport of glucose into cells and inhibits glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis: Hyper: hypoglycemia, Hypo: diabetes mellitus
Thymus: Thymosin
Immune system response
Pineal Gland: Melatonin
Drowsiness
Ovaries: Estrogen & Progesterone
Stimulated by LH and FSH; Maturation of female productive organs, secondary sex characteristics, and regulation of the menstrual cycle
Testes: Testosterone
Stimulated by LH and FSH; Maturation of male reproductive organs, secondary sex characteristics, sperm production, and sex drive
Hormonal Response
Humoral Response
Neural Response
Amino-Acid Based Hormones
Steroid-Based Hormones
