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Bio 110: A&P > Chapter 16: Endocrine System > Flashcards

Chapter 16: Endocrine System Flashcards

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1
Q

Hormones that are important for growth & Growth disorders

A

Anterior Pituitary Hormone: GH (somatotropin) releases growth hormones throughout the day and especially during sleep

Main function of GH is to regulate and control the growth of target tissues

Insulin-like growth factor: triggers rapid protein synthesis and cell division

Disorders: gigantism, acromegaly (large extremities),and dwarfism

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2
Q

Function of hormones

A

interact with target cells in order to:

*maintain fluid, electrolyte & acid base homeostasis
*promote growth
*regulate metabolic reactions

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3
Q

Types of chemical signals

A

Endocrine: Secretes hormones via blood to DISTANT cells

Paracrine: Tissue cell, secretes chemicals via ECF to NEARBY cell
Autocrine: specialized cell, Secretes chemicals via ECF to SAME cell

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4
Q

Up regulation

A

Cells produce more hormone receptors if a hormone declines increasing the sensitivity to that hormone

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5
Q

Down regulation

A

Prolonged exposure to a high level organ can decrease hormone receptors

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6
Q

Classes of hormones

A

Amino Acid Hormones: consists of 1 or more AA; hydropphilic binding to plasma membrane receptors

Steroid hormones: derived from cholesterol; hydrophobic bind to receptor in cytosol or nucleus

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7
Q

target cells

A

hormones that are able to effect only particular cells that bind to protein receptors

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8
Q

negative feedback loop: regulation of hormone secretion

A

stim: regulated variable deviates from normal range
Receptor: Receptors on endocrine cells detect deviation
Control center: The stimulated control center increases or decreases its secretion of a particular hormone

Effector: Hormone triggers a response in its target cells that moves condition toward normal range

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9
Q

Hypothalamus

A

small anterior inferior portion of the diencephalon connected to the pituitary gland by a stalk (inundibulum)

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10
Q

Pituitary gland (structure)

A

composed of

anterior pit (adenohypophysis): composed of hormone secreting glandular epithelium

Posterior pit: nervous tissue

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11
Q

hormones made in the posterior pituitary

A

no hormones of its own but …

Oxytocin and anti-dieuretic are produced in the hypothalamus and stored and released in the posterior pit.

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12
Q

Anti diuretic Hormone(ADH)

A

Neurohormone that controls water balance
*Increases the amount of H20 retained by the kidneys and increases amount of water in body

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13
Q

Diabetes insipidus

A

diseased cause by abnormal lack of ADH; body is unable to conserve water

signs: extreme thirst and dehydration

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14
Q

Oxytocin

A

supporting reproduction and milk release

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15
Q

Hypothalamus and Anterior pituitary hormones

A

The hypothalamus produces and releases hormones that either stimulate or inhbit the release of hormones from the anterior pit.

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16
Q

Anterior Pituitary hormones that effect other glands :
Thyroid-Stimulating hormone (TSH) :

A

TSH release is stimulated by thyrotroponin-releasing hormone (TRH)

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17
Q

Anterior Pituitary hormones that effect other glands : Adrenocorticotropic (ACTH)

A

stimulates the development of adrenal glands and stimulated by CRH

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18
Q

Anterior Pituitary hormones that effect other glands: Prolactin (PRL)

A

stimulates the growth of mammary gland, (milk production)

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19
Q

Luteinizing & follicle stimulating hormone male gonadtropin(LH)

A

Stimulates the production of testosterone under the direction of (GnRH)

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20
Q

Luteinizing & follicle stimulating hormone hormone female gonadtropin(LH)

A

Stimulates the production of estrogen and progesterone under the direction of (GnRH)

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21
Q

Thyroid gland

A

secretes thyroid hormones and calcitonin

composed of thyroid follicles, colloid (stores iodine atoms), and parafollicular cells (produce calcitonin)

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22
Q

Parathyroid glands

A

secrete parathyroid hormones from chief cells

23
Q

Parathyroid hormone

A

major factor in maintenence of blood calcium ion concentration

PTH is secreted in response to declining calcium ion levels in blood. goal is to maintain homeostasis and keep these levels on a normal range

In declining calcium ion levels PTH triggers the release of calcium ions from bone and increase the absorption from small intestine and the reabsorption from fluid from kidneys

24
Q

Calcitonin

A

released when the the calcium ion level in blood INCREASES above normal

important in bone homeostasis

osteoclast activity is inhibited

25
Q

Thyroid hormone

A

consists of amino acid core bound to T3 and T4 iodine atoms

Effects:
*regulation of metabolic rate and thermoregulation
*growth and development
* Synergism with sympathetic NS

26
Q

T3 & T4

A

apart of thyroid hormone , enter target cell of nucleus and bind with receptors that either activate or inhibit specific gene transcription

27
Q

thyroid hormone production

A

iodide ions and thyroglobulin are secreted into the colloid

iodide ions are converted to iodine atoms that attach to thyroglobulin

this then enters follicle cell and converted to T3 T4

T3 T4 then released into the bloodstream

28
Q

hormonal responses to stress

A
29
Q

hypothalamic-hypophyesal portal system

A

a specialized blood supply that allows both hypothalamus and pit to deliver their hormones to their target cells

30
Q

Adrenal Glands

A

located at the superior end of each kidney and produce calc. and steroid hormones

31
Q

adrenal cortex

A

Endocrine gland

32
Q

adrenal medulla

A

neuroendocrine organ that secretes neurohormones

33
Q

hormones of the adrenal medulla

A

consists of chromaffin cells and secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine

34
Q

epinephrine (as it pertains to the adrenal medulla)

A

Increate heart rate
constrict blood vessels
supplying organs

35
Q

hormones that have an impact on blood glucose

A

thyroid
growth
cortisol

36
Q

Aldosterone

A

regulates blood pressure and blood flow through RAAS

37
Q

Glucocorticoids

A

help mediate the bodys response to stress
Cortisol is the most important

38
Q

cortisol

A

regulates blood glucose levels, anti inflammatory levels that decrease certain leukeocytes, release of fatty acids from adipocytes

39
Q

regulation of cortisol

A

involves the HPA axis and control mechanism utilizing CRH and ACTH

40
Q

cortisol disorders

A

over secretion of cort; cushings syndromea

41
Q

adrenal insufficiency

A

Addisons disease renders the individual susceptible to adrenal crisis

42
Q

Main hormones that maintain blood glucose level

A

Insulin and glucagon

43
Q

pancreatic islets

A

small rounded islands populated by endocrine cells that secrete hormones in the bloodstream

Contains:
* Alpha cells: secrete glucagon
* beta: secrete insulin
*delta: secrete somatostatin

44
Q

glucagon

A

produced and secreted from Alpha cells in panc. islets

promotes reactions that increase glucose level

glycogenolysis: dreakdown of glycconolgen

Gluconeogensis: Formation of glucose n the liver

45
Q

Insulin

A

Primary antagonist of glucagon, produced and secreted form beta cells and promotes the uptake and storage of ingested nutrients into target cells

46
Q

hypoglycemia

A

blood glucose levels too low, elevated insulin levels (weakness, dizziness, rapid breathing)

47
Q

hyperglycemia

A

blood glucose levels too high, decresase insulin levels

48
Q

Blood glucose regulation

A

Negative feedback
when glucose level increases beta cells of the pancreas detect the change and increase insulin secretion

49
Q

location of hormone receptors

A

nucleus, cytoplasm or target cells membrane

50
Q

g proteins

A
51
Q

pineal gland

A

secretes melatonin , sleep wake cycle

52
Q

the gonads: sex hormones
what are the effects of testosterone ?

A

stimulate bone growth, increase muscle mass,

53
Q

The ovaries: Estrogen and progesterone

A

breasts, regulates menstrual

progesterone: helps prepare for pregnancy

54
Q

Adipose : leptin

A

protein hormone that helps induce satiety (fullness)

Bio 110: A&P (3 decks)

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