Chapter 16: DNA

Question 1

Who discovered what genes are?

Answer 1

TS Morgan

Question 2

What is translocation?

Answer 2

When part of a chromosome breaks and reattaches elsewhere on the gene

Question 3

What is transformation?

Answer 3

When bacteria acquire genes from the environment

Question 4

What is transduction?

Answer 4

The viral transfer of DNA between 2 bacteria

Question 5

What is transcription?

Answer 5

The process by which DNA is converted into mRNA

Question 6

What is translation?

Answer 6

The process by which mRNA is converted into proteins

Question 7

What is PCR?

Answer 7

Polymerase chain reaction–involves using short synthetic primers to select a short gene, and then multiple rounds of DNA synthesis to amplify that segment. This rapidly produces (amplifies) millions to billions of copies of a specific segment of DNA.

Question 8

What is the structure of DNA (physically)?

Answer 8

Double-stranded, antiparallel

Question 9

What are nucleotides/what are they made out of?

Answer 9

Sugar, phosphate, nitrogenous base–building block for amino acids and proteins

Question 10

How many H bonds do A+T have?

Answer 10

2

Question 11

How many H bonds to C+G have?

Answer 11

3

Question 12

What is the structure of a purine? (A+G)

Answer 12

Double ring

Question 13

What is the structure of a pyrimidine? (T+C)

Answer 13

Single ring

Question 14

Why can’t two purines or two pyrimidines bound to one another?

Answer 14

It was cause DNA to have an uneven diameter as A+G are physically larger.

Question 15

What is semi-conservative replication?

Answer 15

Old strands and new strands have the same bases because one side of the strand is only able to bond with its complementary pair. There is no patchwork. Think blue and orange strands

Question 16

How many replication forks do prokaryotes form?

Answer 16

Only 1

Question 17

How many replication forks do eukaryotes form?

Answer 17

Many

Question 18

Which direction is a new strand synthesized?

Answer 18

5’ –> 3’

Question 19

What does primase do?

Answer 19

Puts RNA primer at origin of replication in the middle of the strand.

Question 20

What is DNA Polymerase III?

Answer 20

Enzyme that synthesizes from origin of replication towards 3’ end of new strand. Then synthesizes lagging strand with patchwork synthesis.

Question 21

What are RNA Primers?

Answer 21

The origin of replication and lagging strand of new strand. Like helicopter pad for DNA Polymerase III.

Question 22

DNA Polymerase I

Answer 22

Removes mRNA primers and inserts DNA nucleotides in the gaps

Question 23

Which part of a DNA strand shortens at the end of replication?

Answer 23

5’ end of new strand

Because…there is a short stretch of DNA that does not get covered by an Okazaki fragment—essentially, there’s no way to get the fragment started because the primer would fall beyond the chromosome end. There’s no primer for complementary nucleotides to attach to.

Question 24

What is the enzyme called that is used in electrophoresis and restriction mapping to snip genes in particular spots?

Answer 24

Restriction enzymes