Chapter 16: DNA Flashcards
Who discovered what genes are?
TS Morgan
What is translocation?
When part of a chromosome breaks and reattaches elsewhere on the gene
What is transformation?
When bacteria acquire genes from the environment
What is transduction?
The viral transfer of DNA between 2 bacteria
What is transcription?
The process by which DNA is converted into mRNA
What is translation?
The process by which mRNA is converted into proteins
What is PCR?
Polymerase chain reaction–involves using short synthetic primers to select a short gene, and then multiple rounds of DNA synthesis to amplify that segment. This rapidly produces (amplifies) millions to billions of copies of a specific segment of DNA.
What is the structure of DNA (physically)?
Double-stranded, antiparallel
What are nucleotides/what are they made out of?
Sugar, phosphate, nitrogenous base–building block for amino acids and proteins
How many H bonds do A+T have?
2
How many H bonds to C+G have?
3
What is the structure of a purine? (A+G)
Double ring
What is the structure of a pyrimidine? (T+C)
Single ring
Why can’t two purines or two pyrimidines bound to one another?
It was cause DNA to have an uneven diameter as A+G are physically larger.
What is semi-conservative replication?
Old strands and new strands have the same bases because one side of the strand is only able to bond with its complementary pair. There is no patchwork. Think blue and orange strands
How many replication forks do prokaryotes form?
Only 1
How many replication forks do eukaryotes form?
Many
Which direction is a new strand synthesized?
5’ –> 3’
What does primase do?
Puts RNA primer at origin of replication in the middle of the strand.
What is DNA Polymerase III?
Enzyme that synthesizes from origin of replication towards 3’ end of new strand. Then synthesizes lagging strand with patchwork synthesis.
What are RNA Primers?
The origin of replication and lagging strand of new strand. Like helicopter pad for DNA Polymerase III.
DNA Polymerase I
Removes mRNA primers and inserts DNA nucleotides in the gaps
Which part of a DNA strand shortens at the end of replication?
5’ end of new strand
Because…there is a short stretch of DNA that does not get covered by an Okazaki fragment—essentially, there’s no way to get the fragment started because the primer would fall beyond the chromosome end. There’s no primer for complementary nucleotides to attach to.
What is the enzyme called that is used in electrophoresis and restriction mapping to snip genes in particular spots?
Restriction enzymes
