Chapter 16 and 17 Flashcards
How do you find pH from concentration of H3O?
-log (x)
How do you find pOH from concentration of OH?
-log (x)
What is the relationship between pH and pOH?
pH + pOH = 14
What pH’s are basic, neutral, or acidic?
Above 7 is basic, 7 is neutral, and less than 7 is acidic
What is the numerical value of Kw?
10^-14
How do [OH-] and [H3O] relate?
[OH-]*[H3O] = 10^-14
How do Ka and Kb relate?
10^-14 = Ka* Kb
How do you find Pka and Pkb?
- log(ka or kb)
How do the strength of the acid/base, Ka/kb, and Pka/Pkb relate?
Stronger is higher ka and lower Pka
How do PKa and PKb relate?
Added together equal = PKw = -log(10-14) = to 14
How do you find percent protonation/deprotonatoin or dissocation?
Deprotonation is the amount of H3O+ produced over the initial amount of acid
Protonation is the amount of OH- produced over the initial amount of base
Describe acidic, basic, and neutral cations
Cations are largely acidic (they accept electrons)
Acidic Cations: Conjugate Acids of Weak Bases, small highly charged metal cations (the higher the charge, the more acidic)
NH4
Fe3+,Al3+,Fe2+,Cr3+
Neutral Cations: Alkali Metals and Alkaline Earth Metals (as well as some transition metals)
Na+, K+, Cr+2, Mg+2, Ag+
Basic Cations: None
Describe basic, neutral, and acidic anions
Anions are largely basic (they donate an electron)
Basic Anions: Conjugate Bases of Weak Acids
F-, O-2, OH-, S-2, CN-, CH3COO-
Neutral Anions: Conjugate Base of Strong Acids
Cl-, Br-, I-, NO3-, ClO4-
Acidic Anions: Those created during the reaction of a polyprotic acid
HSO4-
What are the seven strong acids?
HCl - hydrochloric acid HBr - hydrobromic acid HI - hydroiodic acid HNO3 - nitric acid HClO3 - chloric acid HClO4 - perchloric acid H2SO4 - sulfuric acid
What are the eight strong bases?
LiOH - lithium hydroxide NaOH - sodium hydroxide KOH - potassium hydroxide RbOH - rubidium hydroxide CsOH - cesium hydroxide Ca(OH)2 - calcium hydroxide Sr(OH)2 - strontium hydroxide Ba(OH)2 - barium hydroxide
How does the strength of acid relate to rows,columns , and number of oxygens?
Left to right is more acidic
Top to bottom is more acidic
More oxygens/other elements is more acidic
What is the significance of the equivalence point?
At this point, the moles of H3O+ are equal to the moles of OH-
Where is the equivalence point when a strong base is added to a weak acid?
Above 7
Where is the equivalence point when a strong base is added to a strong acid?
7
Where is the equivalence point when a weak base is added to a strong acid?
Below 7
How do you calculate pH when there is a strong acid and a weak acid?
work with strong acid only
How do you calculate pH when there is a weak acid and a weak acid?
If one Ka value is 10 times bigger, forget the other one, if not
You start with the stronger acid and go through the ICE table
Then you make an ICE table for the other, plus you transfer results from the first
How do you calculate things with polyprotic acids?
Keep transferring results form before table
What are the two Henderson-Hasselbalch Equations?
pH = PKa + log (conjugate base/acid)
pOH = PKb + log (conjugate acid/acid)
What is the general equation for base plus water?
XOH + H2O OH- + X+
What is the general equation for acid plus water?
HX + H2O H3O + X-
What is the general equation for basic anions?
X- + H2O HX + OH-
What is the general equation for acidic anions?
HX- + H2O H3O + X-2
these are rare and mostly come from polyprotic
What is the general equation for basic cations?
HX+ + H2O H3O + X
