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Clinical Care Techniques > Chapter 16 > Flashcards

Chapter 16 Flashcards

1
Q

Diagnosis

A

The process of identifying the nature and cause of illness

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2
Q

Differential diagnosis

A

The term used when signs and symptoms are shared by many diseases and the exact cause is unclear

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3
Q

Signs

A

Refer to the objective manifestation of illness

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4
Q

Symptoms

A

Refer the sensation or subjective experience of some aspect of an illness

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5
Q

Dyspnea

A

Sensation of breathing discomfort by patient

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6
Q

Breathlessness

A

Sensation of unpleasant urge to breathe

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7
Q

Orthopnea

A

Dyspnea that is triggered when the patient assumes the reclining position

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8
Q

Platypnea

A

Dyspnea triggered by assuming the upright position

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9
Q

Orthodeoxia

A

Oxygen desaturation on assuming an upright position

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10
Q

Trepopnea

A

When lying on one side relieves dyspnea

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11
Q

Phlegm

A

Mucus from tracheobronchial tree not contaminated by oral secretion

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12
Q

Sputum

A

Mucus from lower airways but is expectorated through mouth

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13
Q

Fetid

A

Sputum having pus cells

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14
Q

Hemoptysis

A

Coughing up blood or blood-streaked sputum from the lungs

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15
Q

Hematemesis

A

Vomiting blood from gastrointestinal tract

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16
Q

Pleuritic chest pain

A

Located laterally or posteriorly

Description: It is sharp, and increases with deep breathing

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17
Q

Nonpleuritic chest pain

A

Located in center of chest and may radiate to shoulder or arm; it is not affected by breathing

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18
Q

Fever

A

greater than 38.3C or 101F. Causes metabolic rate, oxygen consumption, and carbon dioxide production

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19
Q

Pedal edema

A

swelling of lower extremities - most often due to heart failure

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20
Q

Pitting edema

A

indentation mark left on skin after applied pressure

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21
Q

Weeping edema

A

small fluid leak occurs at point where pressure applied

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22
Q

Chief complaint / History of present illness

A

Explains current medical problems

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23
Q

Past medical history

A

Smoking history is often recorded in pack- years

Packs smoked per day X number of years smoked

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24
Q

Inspection

A

visually examining

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25
Q

Palpation

A

Art of touching the chest wall to evaluate underlying structure and function

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26
Q

Percussion

A

Tapping

27
Q

Auscultation

A

Listening with stethoscope

28
Q

Sensorium

A

Level of consciousness and orientation to time, place, person, and situation

29
Q

Hyperthermia

A

Increased temperature

- may be caused by disease or from normal activities such as exercise

30
Q

Hypothermia

A

Decreased temperature

31
Q

Tachycardia

A

HR greater than 100 beats/min

32
Q

Bradycardia

A

HR less than 60 beats/min

33
Q

Pulsus paradoxus

A

A significant decrease in pulse strength during spontaneous inspiration

34
Q

Pulsus alternans

A

An alternating succession of strong and weak pulses

35
Q

Tachypnea

A

Greater than 20 breaths/min

36
Q

Bradypnea

A

Less than 100 breaths/min

37
Q

Systolic pressure

A

The peak force exerted i the major arteries during contraction of the left ventricle

  • Normal 90 to 140 mmHg
38
Q

Diastolic pressure

A

The force in the major arteries remaining after relaxation of the ventricles

  • Normal 60 to 90 mmHg
39
Q

Pulse pressure

A

Difference between systolic and diastolic

  • Normal is 30 to 40 mmHg
40
Q

Hypertension

A

BP persistently greater than 140/90

41
Q

Hypotension

A

Systolic BP less than 90 mmHg or mean art pressure less than 65 mmHg

42
Q

Shock

A

Defined precisely as the inadequate delivery of 02 and nutrients to the vital organs relative to their metabolic demand

43
Q

Nasal flaring

A

Often seen in infants with respiratory distress- Increased WOB

44
Q

Central cyanosis

A

Indicates respiratory failure due to low oxygen levels

45
Q

Jugular venous distention(JVD)

A

Seen in patients with CHF and cor pulmonale - means right heart failure

46
Q

Pectus carinatum

A

Abnormal protrusion of sternum (outward)

47
Q

Pectus excavatum

A

Depression of part or entire sternum, which can produce a restrictive lung defect (caved in)

48
Q

Kyphosis

A

spinal deformity in which the spine has an abnormal AP curvature

49
Q

Scoliosis

A

Spinal deformity in which the spine has a lateral curvature

50
Q

Kyphoscoliosis

A

Combination of kyphosis and scoliosis, which may produce a severe restrictive lung defect as a result of poor lung expansion

51
Q

Retractions

A

Are an inward sinking of the chest wall during inspiration

Intercostal, supraclavicular or subcostal retractions

52
Q

Apnea

A

No breathing. Causes cardiac arrest, narcotic overdose, severe brain trauma

53
Q

Apneustic breathing

A

Deep, gasping inspiration with brief, partial expiration. Causes damage to upper medulla or pons caused by stroke or trauma, sometimes observed with hypoglycemic come or profound hypoxemia.

54
Q

Ataxic breathing

A

Completely irregular breathing pattern with variable periods of apnea. Causes damage to medulla

55
Q

Asthmatic breathing

A

Prolonged exhalation with recruitment of abdominal muscles. Causes are obstruction to airflow out of the lungs

56
Q

Biot respiration

A

Clustering of rapid, shallow breaths coupled with regular or irregular periods of apnea. Causes damage to medulla or pons caused by stroke or trauma.

57
Q

Cheyne-Stokes respiration

A

Irregular type of breathing; breaths increase and decrease in depth and rate with periods of anea

58
Q

Kussmaul breathing

A

Deep and fast respirations. Cause metabolic acidosis

59
Q

Periodic breathing

A

Breathing oscillates between periods of rapid, deep breathing and slow, shallw breathing without periods of apnea.

60
Q

Coarse crackles

A

Airflow moves secretions or fluids in airways. Usually clears when patient coughs or upper airway is suctioned.

61
Q

Murmur

A

abnormal heart sound, often heard over precordium

62
Q

Digital clubbing

A

seen in large variety of chronic conditions: congenital heart disease, bronchiectasis, various cancers and interstitial lung diseases.

63
Q

Digital cyanosis

A

Often sign of poor perfusion; hands and feet typically cool to touch in such cases

Clinical Care Techniques (2 decks)

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