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Neuropsychology > Chapter 16 > Flashcards

Chapter 16 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the boundaries of the frontal lobes

What percentage of the neocortex does it occupy

A

All matter anterior to the coronal suture and above the sylvian fissure
30-35%

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2
Q

What is M1?

What does it control?

A

Primary motor cortex
Controls force and direction
Subcortical structures - basal ganglia, red nucleus, spinal cord

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3
Q

What is the PMC?

What is it comprised of?

A

Premotor cortex

supplementary motor area (SMA), dorsal PMC, ventral PMC, inferior frontal gyrus (broca’s area)

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4
Q

What does the PMC influence - and through what?

A

Movement directly - corticospinal projections

Indirectly - M1 projections

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5
Q

What are the functions of the PMC

A

Selecting movements in response to external (PMC) and internal (SMA) cues

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6
Q

What is the PFC?

What is in input for?

A

Prefrontal cortex

mesolimbic dopamine cells

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7
Q

What is the PFC divided into?

A

Dorsolateral PFC (DLPFC)

Orbitofrontal cortex (OFC)

Ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC)

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8
Q

What does the DLPFC connect to?

What cues does it play a part in?

A

Reciprocal connections with posterior parietal areas and the superior temporal sulcus

Internal cues

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9
Q

From where does the OFC receive input?

To where does it project?

What does in influence

A

Input from all sensory modalities

Projects subcortically to the amygdala and hypothalamus

Influences physiological changes involved in emotional responses

External cues

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10
Q

From where does the VMPFC receive input?

To where does it project?

What does in influence

A

Input from DLPFC, posterior cingulate cortex, medial temporal cortex

Connects subcortically with amygdala, hypothalamus, periaqueductal grey matter

Linked to emotional expressions throughout the body

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11
Q

What is the AAC

What does it connect to

A

Anterior Cingulate cortex

Bidirectional with motor, premotor, prefrontal cortex, insula, von economo neurons

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12
Q

When is the AAC used?

A

Brain regions active at rest
When thinking about the past/future
When mind wandering
Emotional behaviours

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13
Q

What are executive functions (3)?

A

Planning and selecting response options
Ignoring extraneous stimuli and persisting at the task at hand
Keeping track of behaviours in order to know when to initiate the next behaviour in a sequence

Ability to guide behavior toward a goal

  • Non-routine (not a habit)
  • Unstructured, novel situations
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14
Q

What are the functions of the Prefrontal cortex?

What can it be regulated by (4)

A

Controls the cognitive processes that select appropriate movements at the correct time and place

Regulated by
Internalized and externalized info
Context
Self-knowledge

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15
Q

PMC - Internal cues

What part of PMC?

A

DLPMC - temporal order of actions (temporal memory)

Projections from dorsal + ventral streams facilitate the selection of subsequent actions in a sequence

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16
Q

PMC - External cues

Where are the stimuli?

What part?

A

Stimuli in environment - ex. full laundry bin and you decide to do laundry

Feedback about rewarding properties of stimuli - associating winning a game with getting ice cream

Orbitofrontal

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17
Q

PMC - Context cues

What part of frontal lobe? Where does the information come from?

A

Modify our behaviour in different social roles and different contexts

Behaviours are modified based on sensory information conveyed to the inferior frontal cortex from the temporal lobe

18
Q

Autonoetic awareness

A

Autobiographical knowledge of experiences and goals - info about ones accomplishments, relationships with other people, etc

19
Q

Functions of frontal lobe

A

Ability to:
Plan and select relevant activities
Keep goal in mind, ignore distracting stimuli
Remember having completed action
Organize & plan sequence of behaviors
Respond to internal, external, context cues

20
Q

Cognitive control

A

The process that allows information processing and behavior to vary adaptively from moment to moment depending on current goals, rather than remaining rigid and inflexible

21
Q

Left side controls

A

Language / Speech

22
Q

Right side controls

A

Facial expressions / memory retrieval

23
Q

Disturbances in motor function

A

Difficulty making fine, independent finger movements

Loss of speed and strength of hand and limb movements

24
Q

Movement programming

A

Movements = preplanned; planned sequence then executed

Left and right premotor corticies participate in this

25
Q

Voluntary gaze

A

Difficulty controlling eye movements (with frontal lobe lesions)

26
Q

Corollary discharge

A

Signal that informs other areas of the brain that movement is about to happen
Frontal lobe to parietal and temporal association areas, then sensory system can anticipate the motor act

27
Q

Broca’s area

How does it retrieve words

What does damage lead to

A

Retrieves words on the basis of an object, word, letter, or meaning (cues from the environment)

Damage leads to agrammatism

28
Q

Supplementary speech area

A

Retrieves words without external cues

Damage leads to mutism

29
Q

Convergent thinking

A

Definitions of words, questions of fact, arithmetic problems, puzzles,
- Not deficient following frontal lobe damage

30
Q

Divergent thinking

A

Creative and less fact based thinking

- Deficient following frontal lobe damage

31
Q

Behavioural spontaneity

A

Low output
Rule breaking
Shaky script
Perseveration

32
Q

Strategy formation

A

Impaired at developing novel cognitive plans or strategies

33
Q

Response inhibition

A

Perseverance - unable to update response strategies

Frontal lobes play a role in behavioural flexibility

34
Q

Risk taking / rule breaking

A

Bad at following instructions

Take more risks

35
Q

Self regulation

A

lack of autonoetic awareness

Loss of autobiographical knowledge

36
Q

Associative learning

A

Difficulty learning from experience

37
Q

Frontal lobe lesions

A

Impaired on recency memory tasks, but not recog mem tasks

38
Q

Temporal lobe lesions

A

Impaired on recog tasks but not recency tasks

39
Q

What does the difference between frontal and temporal lobe lesions mean?

A

Memory location system may exist separately from the memory recog system

40
Q

Pseudo-depression

What does it show?

Lesions where?

A

Show outward apathy and indifference, loss of initiative, reduced sexual interest, little overt emotion, and little or no verbal output

Lesions on left frontal lobe

41
Q

Pseudo-psychopathic

What does it show?

Lesions where?

A

Immature beh, lack of tack and restraint, coarse language, promiscuous sexual beh, increased motor activity, general lack of social graces

Lesions on right frontal lobe

Neuropsychology (3 decks)

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