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A&P II > Chapter 16 > Flashcards

Chapter 16 Flashcards

1
Q

External Respiration includes all of the following except:
A. Pulmonary ventilation
B. Exchange between lungs and blood
C. Transportation in blood
D. Oxidative phosphorylation
E. Exchange between blood and body tissues

A

D. Oxidative phosphorylation is internal respiration.

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2
Q

The respiratory tract can be divided into two categories, the conducting zone and the respiratory zone. What are the functions of the conducting zone?

A
  1. Increase air temperature to body temperature.

2. Humidifies air

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3
Q

The respiratory tract can be divided into two categories, the conducting zone and the respiratory zone. What is the function of the respiratory zone?

A

Exchange of gases between air and blood

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4
Q

What is the mechanism of action that allows exchange of gases between the air and blood in the respiratory zone?

A

Diffusion

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5
Q

Epithelium of the conducting zones is make of what two types of cells?

A

Goblet and Ciliated cells

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6
Q

What is the function of Goblet cells? What is their role in the mucus elevator?

A

Secrete mucus for foreign material to get trapped in

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7
Q

What is the function of Ciliated cells? What is their role in the mucus elevator?

A

Cilia move particles toward the mouth, like mucus and foreign particles to get them out of the body.

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8
Q 
The conducting zone includes all of the following except:
A. Larynx
B. Trachea
C. Bronchi
D. Terminal bronchioles
E. Respiratory bronchioles
A

E. Respiratory bronchioles begins the respiratory zone.

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9
Q 
The respiratory zone includes all of the following except:
A. Terminal bronchioles
B. Respiratory bronchioles
C. Alveolar ducts
D. Alveoli
E. Alveolar sacs
A

A. Terminal bronchioles

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10
Q

What is the function of Type I alveolar cells?

A

Make up wall of alveoli. Single layer of epithelial cells *important structure for diffusion.

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11
Q

What is the function of Type II alveolar cells?

A

Secrete surfactant

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12
Q

Premie babies often have underdeveloped lungs and need surfactant. What is the importance of surfactant?

A

Surfactant gives (circular) structural integrity to alveoli that allows proper gas exchange.

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13
Q

Which of the following processes is NOT a part of external respiration?
A. the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and blood by diffusion
B. the use of oxygen and generation of carbon dioxide by the mitochondria during energy metabolism
C. the movement of air into and out of the lungs by bulk flow
D. the transportation of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and body tissues by the blood

A

B. the use of oxygen and generation of carbon dioxide by the mitochondria during energy metabolism

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14
Q

What is the primary anatomical difference that marks the dividing line between the conducting zone and the respiratory zone of the respiratory tract?
A. the presence of smooth muscle and the absence of cartilage
B. the absence of goblet cells
C. the thickness of the walls surrounding the air spaces
D. the presence of macrophages

A

C. the thickness of the walls surrounding the air spaces

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15
Q

The difference between what two pressures drives air into and out of the lungs?

A

atmospheric (Patm) and intra-alveolar (Palv)

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16
Q

What is the consequence of the increased bronchiolar resistance?

A

More work is needed to produce the necessary changes in pressure for ventilation. Thus, expiration becomes more difficult.

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17
Q

What happens to the beat frequency and length of cilia in smokers compared to non-smokers?

A

Beat frequency decreases and cilia are shorter in smokers.

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18
Q

What effect does increased viscosity of mucous have on the efficiency of the mucous escalator?

A

Increased viscosity decreases efficiency of the mucus escalator.

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19
Q

Respiratory membrane is made of what two (three) layers?

A
  1. Single epithelial layer of alveoli (Type 1 cells)
  2. Endothelial cell layer of capillaries
  3. Shared basement membrane
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20
Q

Explain the mechanics of inspiration.

A

The contraction of the diaphragm expands the thoracic cavity, creating a vacuum that draws air in.

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21
Q

Air moves in and out of the lungs by bulk flow. Explain what drives bulk flow.

A

Pressure gradients drive air flow. Air moves from high to low pressure.

22
Q

What is the relationship between the pressure in the lungs and atmospheric pressure during inspiration? expiration?

A

inspiration: pressure in lungs < atmospheric pressure
expiration: pressure in lungs > atmospheric pressure

23
Q

When Palv is -1mmHg, thus is less than Patm, what phase of respiration is occurring?

A

Inspiration

24
Q

When Palv is +1mmHg, thus is more than Patm, what phase of respiration is occurring?

A

Expiration

25
Q

Intrapleural pressure (Pip) is always negative under normal conditions. This is due to the _______ in the lungs and chest wall. Which allows the lungs to recoil inward as chest wall recoils outward. Explain the importance of this structure and it’s negative pressure.

A

Pressure is negative due to the elasticity; the opposing forces pull on the intrapleural space, which increases surface tension of the intrapleaural fluid preventing wall and lungs from pulling apart.

26
Q

Between breaths (at rest) some air stays in your lungs. What is the term for that volume of air?

A

Functional Residual Capacity

27
Q

Patm = 760mmHg. Relative to atmospheric pressure, the intralaveolar pressure is zero at rest, but what is the actual pressure of the alveoli?

A

760 mmHg because they are relatively the same.

28
Q

Transpulmonary pressure is the relationship between which to volume?

A

Intra-alveolar pressure and Intrapleural pressure (Palv - Pip)

29
Q

Increasing the transpulmonary pressure causes the lungs (alveoli) to ______, __________ volume.

A

Increasing the transpulmonary pressure causes the lungs (alveoli) to EXPAND, INCREASING volume.

30
Q

When there is a compromise to the pleural space, lungs recoil away from chest wall inward. Why does this occur?

A

Where there is a compromise to the pleural space, like a hole in the chest wall, surface tension of intrapleural fluid is broken. When the surface tension is broken, lungs collapse.

31
Q

What is Boyle’s law and what does it mean?

A

PV = nRT (P=nRT/V): volume and pressure relationship. Pressure is inversely related to volume. Can change alveolar pressure by changing its volume.

32
Q

What factors can affect resistance to air flow (R)?

A

Airway radius and mucus

33
Q

Lungs expand, alveolar volume increases, Palv increases or decreases?

A

Palv decreases, pressure gradient drives air into lungs during inspiration.

34
Q

Lungs recoil, alveolar volume decreases, Palv increases or decreases?

A

Palv increases, pressure gradient drives air out of lungs and into atmosphere (during expiration)

35
Q

In normal breathing, what muscles contract for inspiration?

A

Diaphragm & External intercostals

36
Q

In normal breathing, what muscles contract for expiration?

A

NONE! Passive process, when inspiratory muscles stop contracting, the lungs and chest wall return to their original positions to decrease the volume of the thoracic cavity.

37
Q

In active expiration, or a deep breath, what expiratory muscles contract?

A

Internal intercostals & Abdominal muscles

38
Q

Define compliance.

A

Ability to expand (increase volume) without affecting pressure.

39
Q

Explain two reasons why it is good to have larger lung compliance.

A
  1. Easier to inspire

2. Smaller change in transpulmonary pressure is needed to bring in a given volume of air

40
Q

Explain the relationship between elasticity and compliance.

A

Inversely related; More elasticity, less compliant and vice versa.

41
Q

Define the term “tidal volume” (VT) and relate its magnitude to body size and state of activity; further, estimate its magnitude.

A

The resting volume of gas exchanged per breath is called the tidal volume, VT. The size of the tidal volume is dependent upon the needs of the body for gas exchange, and that is, in turn, dependent upon the size of the body and its state of activity. Avg person 500 ml/breath.

42
Q

Identify the inspiratory reserve volume (IRV).

A

At the end of a resting inspiration, it is possible to inspire an additional volume of gas. This volume is called the inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) since it is the “reserve” for inspiration, a reserve that we can call upon when our need for gas exchange increases. Our normal example would have an IRV of about 3100 ml, a surprisingly large amount.

43
Q

Identify the expiratory reserve volume (ERV).

A

Likewise, at the end of a resting expiration, a “reserve” exists. This is called the expiratory reserve volume (ERV), and, in our normal example, would have a volume of about 1200 ml.

44
Q

Identify the residual volume (RV).

A

The certain volume of gas that we cannot expel from our lungs, even with the most forceful expiratory effort. This is the residual volume (RV), and is normally about 1200 ml for our physiologic example. This volume exists so that no matter when during the ventilatory cycle blood circulates through the lungs, there is some gas available for exchange.

45
Q

Distinguish between the ventilatory volumes and capacities.

A

The ventilatory capacities are ways of looking at various combinations of the respiratory volumes.

46
Q

Describe the vital capacity (VC) in terms of exchangeable gas and in relation to the VT, IRV, and ERV.

A

If we utilize all of these reserves, we are breathing the maximum amount of exchangeable gas, and we call that the vital capacity (VC). It is, of course, the combination of the VT, IRV and ERV.

47
Q

What 2 factors determine lung compliance?

A

Elasticity

Surface tension of liquid in lung lining

48
Q

Define surface tension.

A

Measure of work required to increase the surface area of liquid

Increase surface tension DECREASES lung compliance.

49
Q

What is the wall of an alveolus composed of?

A

Type I alveolar cells: single layer of epithelial cells overlying a basement membrane.

50
Q

What decreases surface tension in alveoli?

A

Pulmonary surfactant: secreted by type II alveolar cells, interrupts H+ bonding in liquid

INCREASES lung compliance.

51
Q

What kind of controls influence bronchodilation? (Intrinsic/Extrinsic)

A

Intrinsic: chemical mediators
Extrinsic: neural and hormonal

52
Q

What system regulates the smooth muscle of bronchioles?

A

Autonomic.
Sympathetic: relaxation
Parasympathetic: contraction

A&P II (3 decks)

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