chapter 16

Question 1

Cod fishery issue

Answer 1

people eat too many cod, they can’t recover

Question 2

Ocean-how much earth it covers and its content, how many people live near it

Answer 2

71% of earth’s surface, 97% earth’s surface water

Ocean water is 96.5% water

Question 3

Vertical Structure, Temperatures, thermocline

Answer 3

Temperature declines with depth
Heavier (colder saltier) water sinks
light (warmer and less salty) water remains near surface
temperatures are more stable than land temperatures
water’s high heat capacity

Oceans regulate earth’s climate
absorb and release heat
ocean’s surface circulation

Question 4

Surface zone

Answer 4

warmed by sunlight and stirred by wind

consistent water density

Question 5

Pycnocline

Answer 5

below surface zone

density increases rapidly with depth

Question 6

Deep Zone

Answer 6

below pycnocline
dense, sluggish water
unaffected by winds, storms, sunlight and temperature

Question 7

Currents

Answer 7

ocean is composed of vast riverlake flows
driven by density differences, heating and cooling, gravity, and wind
transport heat, nutrients, pollution,a nd larvae of many marine species

Question 8

Upwelling

Answer 8

vertical flow of cold, deep water towards the sruface

high primary productivity and lucrative fisheries

Question 9

Downwellings

Answer 9

oxygen-rich water sinks where surface currents come together

Question 10

Bathymetry

Answer 10

measurement of ocean depths

Question 11

Topography

Answer 11

physical geography or shape and arrangement of landforms

Question 12

Continental shelves

Answer 12

gently sloping areas that underlie the shallow waters bordering continents

Question 13

Shelf-slope break

Answer 13

sudden drop off of the continental shelf

Question 14

Continental slope

Answer 14

connects the continental shelf to the ocean floor

Question 15

Photic

Answer 15

well lighted top layer that supports high primary productivity

Question 16

Pelagic

Answer 16

habitats and ecosystems occurring between ocean’s surface and floor

Question 17

Benthic

Answer 17

habitats and ecosystems occurring on the ocean floor

Question 18

kelp

Answer 18

large, dense, brown algae growing from the floor of continental shelves

Question 19

coral

Answer 19

tiny colonial marine organisms

related to sea anemones and jellyfish

Question 20

coral reefs

Answer 20

a mass of calcium carbonate composed of skeletons of corals

Question 21

Coral bleaching

Answer 21

occurs when zooxanthellae leave the coral
coral lose their color and die, leaving white patches
from climate change, pollution , or unknown natural causes
nutrient pollution causes algal growth, which covers coral

Question 22

Intertidal ecosystems

Answer 22

where ocean meets the land

between the uppermost reach of the high tide and lowest limit of the low tide

Question 23

Tides

Answer 23

periodic rising and falling of ocean’s height due to gravitational pull of sun and moon

Question 24

salt marshes

Answer 24

occur along coasts at temperate latitude
tides wash over gently sloping, sandy, silty substrates
high primary productivity
critical habitat for birds and commercial fish
filter pollution

Question 25

mangrove forests

Answer 25

trees with unique roots
curve upwards for oxygen
curved downwards for support
have been destroyed

Question 26

estuaries

Answer 26

water bodies where rivers flow into ocean
critical habitat for shorebirds and shellfish
transitional zone for anadromous fishes

Question 27

Methane hydrate

Answer 27

a potential energy source

Question 28

Minerals

Answer 28

Human pollution of oceans

Question 29

Us oil pollution Act

Answer 29

creates a one billion prevention and cleanup fund

requires all ships have double hulls

Question 30

BP Oill Spill

Answer 30

Deep Horizon Oil Spill

Question 31

Factory fishing

Answer 31

highly industrialized, huge vessels use powerful technologies to capture fish in huge volumes

Question 32

driftnets

Answer 32

for herring, sardines, mackerel, sharks

Question 33

Longline

Answer 33

tuna and swordfish

Question 34

Trawling

Answer 34

pelagic fish and groundfish

Question 35

By-catch

Answer 35

accidental capture of animal

Question 36

Marine Protected areas (MPA)

Answer 36

established along the coastlines of developed countries

Question 37

Marine reserves

Answer 37

areas where fishing is prohibited
leave ecosystems intact, without human interference
improve fisheries, because young fish will disperse into surrounding areas