Chapter 16

Question 1

Fimbriae

Answer 1

Hairlike projections that enable some prokaryotes to stick to a surface or to one another.

Question 2

Photoautotroph

Answer 2

Harness sunlight for energy and use CO2 for carbon. (Oscillatoria).

Question 3

Photoheterotroph

Answer 3

Obtain energy from sunlight but get their carbon atoms from organic sources.

Question 4

Chemoautotroph

Answer 4

Harvest energy from inorganic chemicals and use carbon from CO2 to make organic molecules.

Question 5

Chemohetrotroph

Answer 5

Aquire both energy and carbon from organic molecules. (Largest most diverse group of prokaryotes).

Question 6

Biofilm

Answer 6

Highly organized colonies of prokaryotes that attach to surfaces.

Question 7

Bioremediation

Answer 7

The use of organisms to remove/clean up pollution.

Question 8

Extreme halophiles

Answer 8

Archaea that Thrive in very salty places (salt lovers).

Question 9

Extreme Thermophiles

Answer 9

Archaea that thrive in very hot water.

Question 10

Microbiota

Answer 10

The community of microorganisms that live in and on our bodies.

Question 11

Methanogens

Answer 11

Archaea that live in anaerobic (oxygen lacking) environments and give off methane as a waste product.

Question 12

Proteobacteria

Answer 12

All gram-negative and share a particular rRNA sequence with all 4 modes of nutrition represented.

Question 13

Cyanobacteria

Answer 13

Only group of prokaryotes with plantlike oxygen-generating photosynthesis.

Question 14

Chlamydias

Answer 14

Live inside eukaryotic host cells

Question 15

Spirochetes

Answer 15

Helical bacteria that spiral through their environment by means of rotating internal filaments.

Question 16

Exotoxins

Answer 16

Proteins that bacterial cells secrete into their environment.

Question 17

Endotoxins

Answer 17

Lipid components of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria that are released when the cell dies or is digested by a defensive cell.

Question 18

Protists

Answer 18

A diverse collection of mostly unicellular eukaryotes.

Question 19

Algae

Answer 19

Autotrophic protests that produce food using photosynthesis.

Question 20

Protozoans

Answer 20

Heterotrophs that eat bacteria/ other protists.

Question 21

Mixotrophs

Answer 21

Capable of both photosynthesis and heterotrophy depending on availability of light and nutrients.

Question 22

SAR supergroup

Answer 22

(Stramenopila, Alveolata, Rhizaria) the three clades that make up this huge extremely diverse group.

Question 23

Stramenopila

Answer 23

protists including diatoms, brown algae, and water molds.

Question 24

Diatoms

Answer 24

Unicellular algae that are one of the most important photosynthetic organisms on earth with a unique glassy cell wall contains silica.

Question 25

Brown Algae

Answer 25

Large complex stramenopiles; multicellular and mostly marine. (ex. seaweed)

Question 26

Water Molds

Answer 26

Heterotrophic unicellular stramenopiles that typically decompose dead plants/animals in fresh water habitats.

Question 27

Alveolata

Answer 27

Protists including dinoflagellates, ciliates, and certain parasites.

Question 28

Dinoflagellates

Answer 28

A diverse group including unicellular autotrophs, heterotrophs, and mixotrophs; very common components of marine and freshwater plankton.

Question 29

Ciliates

Answer 29

Named for their use of cilia to move and to sweep food into their oral groove or cell mouth. Includes heterotrophs and mixotrophs. (Paramecium)

Question 30

Rhizaria

Answer 30

Protists including foraminiferans and radiolarians (referred to as amoebas)

Question 31

Amoebas

Answer 31

move and feed by means of pseudopod is (temporary extensions of the cell).

Question 32

Foraminiferans

Answer 32

Found in oceans/ freshwater with porous shells call tests composed of organic material. The pseudopodia extend through the pores in the test.

Question 33

Radiolarians

Answer 33

Produce a mineralized support structure; such as an internal skeleton made of silica. Cells are surrounded by a test composed of organic material and most are marine.

Question 34

Excavata

Answer 34

Second supergroup of protists referring to an excavated feeding groove possessed by some members of the group. Some are parasites

Question 35

Unikonta

Answer 35

Includes anoebozoans fungi and animals and plasmodial/cellular slime molds.

Question 36

Amoebozoans

Answer 36

Include amoebas both free living and parasitic as well as slime molds that have lobe shaped pseudopodia.

Question 37

Plasmodium

Answer 37

a single multinucleate mass of cytoplasm undivided by las a membranes. (yellow slime mold on rock) not multicellular

Question 38

Plasmodial Slime Mold

Answer 38

Protists common where there is moist decaying organic matter, often brightly pigmented. When there is a lack of food and water it grows reproductive structures that produce spores and waits for favorable conditions.

Question 39

Cellular Slime Mold

Answer 39

A common on rotting logs and decaying organic matter. Most of the time exists as solitary amoeboid cells. Also produce reproductive structures from a swarming of cells when food is scarce. Consists of many cells compared to one cell for plasmodial.

Question 40

Archaeplastida

Answer 40

Almost all are autotrophic.Red/green algae. Land plants.

Question 41

Red algae

Answer 41

Mostly multicellular and typically soft bodied but some have cell walls with hard chalky deposits.

Question 42

Green algae

Answer 42

Include unicellular and colonial species as well as multicellular seaweeds