chapter 16-18 Flashcards by Mitchell Qually

What are the main causes of eating disorders?

Genetic factors

Environmental factors

Family environment

Media influences

Sociocultural values

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How does the family environment influence eating disorders?

Rigid family structure may be common in families with a member who has anorexia.

Families with bulimia may show less stability in their structure.

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What is the difference between eating disorders and disordered eating?

Eating disorder: A psychiatric condition with extreme body dissatisfaction and harmful eating behaviors.

Disordered eating: Abnormal eating patterns that do not necessarily meet the criteria for an eating disorder.

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What are the genetic factors contributing to eating disorders?

Eating disorders are more likely in individuals with biological relatives who have the disorder.

A genetic predisposition may interact with environmental factors.

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What impact do media images have on eating disorders?

Unrealistic portrayals of “perfect” bodies can lead adolescents to develop negative body images.

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What are the symptoms of Anorexia Nervosa?

Extremely restrictive eating

Self-starvation

Intense fear of weight gain

Distorted body image

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What is Anorexia Nervosa?

A medical disorder where an individual maintains a body weight less than 85% of expected weight due to restrictive eating behaviors.

90-95% of cases occur in young girls and women.

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What are the DSM-5 criteria for Anorexia Nervosa?

Restriction of food intake leading to significantly low body weight.

Intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat.

Distorted view of body shape and weight.

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What are the health risks associated with Anorexia Nervosa?

Electrolyte imbalance

Cardiovascular problems

Bone loss (osteoporosis)

Muscle wasting

Infertility

Dry skin and hair loss

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What are the criteria for diagnosing Binge Eating Disorder?

Eating large amounts of food in a discrete time period

A lack of control during the binge

Distress about the episodes

Occurs at least once a week for 3 months

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What is Bulimia Nervosa?

An eating disorder characterized by binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors (vomiting, laxatives, fasting, excessive exercise).

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What are the health risks associated with Bulimia Nervosa?

Electrolyte imbalance

Gastrointestinal issues

Dental problems

Calluses on hands or knuckles

Swelling of cheeks or jaw

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What are the symptoms of Bulimia Nervosa?

Recurrent binge eating episodes

Lack of control over eating

Compensatory behaviors like vomiting or excessive exercise

Negative body image

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What is the treatment for Binge Eating Disorder (BED)?

Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT)

Psycho-education

Nutritional rehabilitation

Relapse-prevention techniques

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What is Binge Eating Disorder (BED)?

Characterized by recurrent binge eating episodes without compensatory behaviors like purging.

It is associated with distress about the eating episodes.

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What is OSFED (Other Specified Feeding or Eating Disorder)?

Includes atypical anorexia nervosa, low-frequency bulimia nervosa, purging disorder, and night eating syndrome.

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What are the four main lecture topics in Chapter 16?

Aging, nutrients of concern, macronutrient needs
Micronutrient needs and malnutrition
Physiological changes with aging
Nutrient-drug interactions and physical activity

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What is RED-S (Relative Energy Deficiency Syndrome)?

A condition where the body does not receive enough energy to meet the demands of exercise, leading to decreased energy availability.

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What is the treatment approach for eating disorders?

Nutritional rehabilitation

Psychosocial interventions

Medications

Multidisciplinary team approach (patient, physician, counselors)

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How is the treatment for Anorexia Nervosa different from Bulimia Nervosa?

Anorexia: Focuses on restoring healthy weight, treating complications, and encouraging healthy behaviors.

Bulimia: Aims to modify triggers for binge-purge behaviors and address thought patterns related to food and body image.

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What are key nutrients of concern for seniors?

Protein, calcium, vitamin D, vitamin B-12, zinc, antioxidants, fiber, and water.

How can eating disorders be prevented?

Reducing weight-related criticism

Identifying unrealistic body images in the media

Promoting healthy physical activity

Modeling a balanced diet by parents

What causes aging in the human body?

Decrease in number and function of cells, reduced reserve capacity, and impaired ability to maintain homeostasis.

How does energy need change as people age?

It decreases due to reduced activity levels and muscle mass.

How do amino acid requirements change for older adults?

Requirements for key amino acids like leucine and lysine increase significantly.

Why are seniors at higher risk for dehydration?

Reduced thirst sensation and lower anti-diuretic hormone production.

What are common physiological changes with aging?

Sensory decline, macular degeneration, cataracts, periodontal disease, constipation, muscle loss, immune decline, dementia.

What are major micronutrients of concern in older adults?

: Vitamin D, B12, B6, folate, and zinc.

Why is vitamin D intake often insufficient in older adults?

Reduced skin synthesis, less time outdoors, and lower intake of fortified foods and fish.

How can foods interact with drugs?

Milk interferes with tetracycline, grapefruit blocks Lipitor, vitamin K affects anticoagulants, alcohol interferes with many medications.

What social and economic factors impact older adults’ nutrition?

Low income, dependent living, depression, lack of motivation to cook or eat.

What are types of dietitians?

Clinical, management, community, corporate, consultant.

What does a clinical dietitian do?

Provides medical nutrition therapy in hospitals or nursing homes and coordinates care with other health professionals.

What is the main treatment goal for aging-related nutrition issues?

Maintain health, prevent malnutrition, support independence, and manage chronic diseases.

What’s the AI for fluid in older adults?

Men: 3.7 L/day, Women: 2.7 L/day

What is malnutrition?

A condition caused by too much, too little, or imbalanced intake of nutrients, leading to poor health.

What is undernutrition?

A form of malnutrition where nutrient or energy intake is insufficient to meet daily needs.

What is sustainability in the context of food systems?

The ability to maintain food systems long-term without depleting resources or harming the environment or society.

What is food insecurity?

Lack of consistent access to enough safe and nutritious food for a healthy, active life.

What is food security?

Reliable access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food at all times.

What is a micronutrient deficiency?

A lack of essential vitamins or minerals needed in small amounts for good health.

What is a food desert?

An area with limited access to affordable and nutritious food.

What is "hidden hunger"?

Micronutrient deficiencies that often have no visible signs but can affect health and development.

What is the double burden of malnutrition?

When undernutrition and obesity exist within the same country, community, or even individual.

What are some causes of undernutrition in developing countries?

Poverty, limited access to health care, poor sanitation, food insecurity, and conflict.

What is the nutrition transition?

The shift in dietary and activity patterns as countries become more economically developed.

What are the most common nutrient deficiencies globally?

Iron, iodine, and vitamin A deficiencies.

What is the double burden of disease?

Coexistence of communicable diseases and non-communicable diseases like obesity and diabetes.

What is the goal of the UN Sustainable Development Goal 2?

End hunger, achieve food security, improve nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture.

What are the environmental impacts of the food system?

Greenhouse gas emissions, water use, deforestation, and loss of biodiversity.

What is food insecurity like in Canada?

Affects 1 in 8 households; linked to poverty, especially in Indigenous and Northern communities.