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Clinical Chemistry > Chapter 16/17 > Flashcards

Chapter 16/17 Flashcards

Exam 5

1
Q

This gland is multifunctional organ and cannot live without it

A

Adrenal gland

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2
Q

This gland is composed of outer adrenal cortex and inner adrenal medulla

A

Adrenal gland

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3
Q

Produces steroid hormones and neuropeptides

A

Adrenal gland

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4
Q

What is Zona Glomerulosa is known as

A

G zone cells

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5
Q

Synthesize aldosterone critical for sodium retention, potassium excretion, and acid/base homeostasis

A

Zona Glomerulosa cells

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6
Q

Helps regulate blood pressue

A

Zona glomerulosa cells

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7
Q

Zona fasciculata cells is known as

A

F zone cells

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8
Q

Synthesize glucocorticoids such as cortisol, critical to blood glucose homeostasis and blood pressure

A

Zona fasciculata cells

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9
Q

This zone has a foamy cytoplasma

A

Zona fasciculata cells

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10
Q

Zona reticularis cells is known as

A

R zone cells

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11
Q

Converts DHEA to DHEA-S

A

Zona Reticularis cells

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12
Q

What is the main adrenal androgen and used to make androgens and estrogens

A

DHEA-S

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13
Q

Adrenal steroids are derived by sequential enzymatic conversion of a common substrate, What is it and what is it apart of?

A

Cholesterol and Cortex steroidogenesis

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14
Q

Cortex steroidogenesis decreased activity of any enzymes that is required for what?

A

biosynthesis can occur as an acquired or inherited trait

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15
Q

Evaluation of adrenal function requires what

A

measuring relevant adrenal hormones, metabolites, and regulatory secretagogues

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16
Q

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia is what?

A

Inherited family of enzyme disorders causing low cortisol and aldosterone production

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17
Q

Isolated hypoaldosteronism

A

Caused by adrenal gland destruction, chronic heparin therapy, unilateral adrenalectomy, and G-layer enzyme deficiencies

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18
Q

Hyperaldosteronism

A

Can lead to metabolic alkalosis, hypertension, and hypokalemia

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19
Q

Adrenal insufficiency is also known as

A

Addison’s disease

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20
Q

That causes Addison’s disease

A

reduced production of adrenal hormones or adrenal gland works but the hormone release does not

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21
Q

If someone has low baseline cortisol levels and ACTH is elevates what could they have?

A

Addison’s disease

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22
Q

What is hypercortisolism known as

A

Crushing’s Syndrome

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23
Q

What causes Crushing’s Syndrome

A

Excess of CRH, ACTH, Adrenal glucocorticoid secretion, and exogenous intake (Steroid use)

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24
Q

If there is androgen excess what will boys present with

A

Penile enlargement, overgrowth of hair, deep voice

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25
Q

If there is androgen excess what will girls present with?

A

Hirsutism, acne, deep voice, clitoromegaly, short stature, growth plates shut

26
Q

If there is androgen excess what will women present with?

A

Infertility, hirsutism, acne, male pattern baldness, menstrual irregularities, hair growth in abnormal areas

27
Q

If there is androgen excess what will men present with?

A

Infertility, lower testosterone, loss of muscle mass, decreased hair growth, decreased testes size, poorly developed sperm

28
Q

If there is high levels of DHEA, DHEA-S, and 17-ketosteroids what could they have?

A

Androgen excess

29
Q

What does the adrenal medulla do

A

Secretes catecholamines to regulate the body’s sympathetic response to stress (flight or flight) by increasing cardiac output and blood pressure.

30
Q

Bi-potential

A

Body’s ability to create 2 exclusive genes, typically for determining the sex of a human

31
Q

Testes are paired, ovoid organs that serve dual functions. What are they/

A

Production of sperm
Production of reproductive steroid hormones

32
Q

Spermatogonia

A

Stem cells that form spern

33
Q

What are testosterone controlled by?

A

FSH and LH

34
Q

Impaired pulse generation of GNRH leads to inadequate production of LH and FSH can lead to what?

A

Hypogonadism

35
Q

Hypogonadism

A

Decreased functionally of the gonads (ovaries or testes)

36
Q

Effect on secondary sexual effects what

A

Promotes growth of various target tissues

37
Q

Hypergonadotropic Hypogonadism

A

Characterized by low testosterone

38
Q

Klinefelter’s syndrome

A

Presence of an extra chromosome

39
Q

Testicular feminization syndrome

A

Most sever form of androgen resistance syndrome

40
Q

5a Reductase deficiency

A

Rare cause of androgen insensitivity and results in a mutation encoding the type 2 isoenzyme

41
Q

Myotonic dystrophy

A

Presents with primary hypogonadism, fontal balding, diabetes, and muscle weakness, atrophy, and dystonia

42
Q

What can cause mumps orchitis

A

Testicular injury and infections

43
Q

Sertoli Cell-only syndrome

A

Presents with small testes, high FSH levels, azoospermia, and normal testosterone levels.

44
Q

Parenteral testosterone

A

Intramuscular injection

45
Q

What is the best testosterone replacement therapy?

A

Parenteral testosterone

46
Q

Transdermal testosterone therapy

A

Absorption from patch through skin; provides more physiologic levels

47
Q

Testosterone gel

A

Gel applies to nongenital skin; risk of transmission to others.

48
Q

Buccal testosterone

A

Plastic tablet placed along gum line; local discomfort

49
Q

Testosterone pellet

A

Subdermal implant

50
Q

What does the ovary produces

A

Gamete and steroid hormone

51
Q

Follicular phase

A

All but one recruited follicles in a cycle atrophy

52
Q

Graafian follicle

A

Remaining follicle contains maturing ovum

53
Q

Luteal phase

A

Graafian follicle releases ovum in response to L4

54
Q

Luteinization

A

Graafian follicle develops into corpus luteum

55
Q

Estrogens

A

Promotes breast, uterine, and vaginal developmentP

56
Q

Progesterone

A

Induces secretory activity of endometrial glands

57
Q

When does the mestrual cycle start

A

First day of menses

58
Q

Central control of FSH and LH secretion resides in what?

A

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) pulse generator in the hypothalamus

59
Q

Amenorrhea

A

Absence of menses

60
Q

Oligomenorrhea

A

infrequent or irregular menstrual bleeding

Clinical Chemistry (1 decks)

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