Chapter 16/17

Question 1

This gland is multifunctional organ and cannot live without it

Answer 1

Adrenal gland

Question 2

This gland is composed of outer adrenal cortex and inner adrenal medulla

Answer 2

Adrenal gland

Question 3

Produces steroid hormones and neuropeptides

Answer 3

Adrenal gland

Question 4

What is Zona Glomerulosa is known as

Answer 4

G zone cells

Question 5

Synthesize aldosterone critical for sodium retention, potassium excretion, and acid/base homeostasis

Answer 5

Zona Glomerulosa cells

Question 6

Helps regulate blood pressue

Answer 6

Zona glomerulosa cells

Question 7

Zona fasciculata cells is known as

Answer 7

F zone cells

Question 8

Synthesize glucocorticoids such as cortisol, critical to blood glucose homeostasis and blood pressure

Answer 8

Zona fasciculata cells

Question 9

This zone has a foamy cytoplasma

Answer 9

Zona fasciculata cells

Question 10

Zona reticularis cells is known as

Answer 10

R zone cells

Question 11

Converts DHEA to DHEA-S

Answer 11

Zona Reticularis cells

Question 12

What is the main adrenal androgen and used to make androgens and estrogens

Answer 12

DHEA-S

Question 13

Adrenal steroids are derived by sequential enzymatic conversion of a common substrate, What is it and what is it apart of?

Answer 13

Cholesterol and Cortex steroidogenesis

Question 14

Cortex steroidogenesis decreased activity of any enzymes that is required for what?

Answer 14

biosynthesis can occur as an acquired or inherited trait

Question 15

Evaluation of adrenal function requires what

Answer 15

measuring relevant adrenal hormones, metabolites, and regulatory secretagogues

Question 16

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia is what?

Answer 16

Inherited family of enzyme disorders causing low cortisol and aldosterone production

Question 17

Isolated hypoaldosteronism

Answer 17

Caused by adrenal gland destruction, chronic heparin therapy, unilateral adrenalectomy, and G-layer enzyme deficiencies

Question 18

Hyperaldosteronism

Answer 18

Can lead to metabolic alkalosis, hypertension, and hypokalemia

Question 19

Adrenal insufficiency is also known as

Answer 19

Addison’s disease

Question 20

That causes Addison’s disease

Answer 20

reduced production of adrenal hormones or adrenal gland works but the hormone release does not

Question 21

If someone has low baseline cortisol levels and ACTH is elevates what could they have?

Answer 21

Addison’s disease

Question 22

What is hypercortisolism known as

Answer 22

Crushing’s Syndrome

Question 23

What causes Crushing’s Syndrome

Answer 23

Excess of CRH, ACTH, Adrenal glucocorticoid secretion, and exogenous intake (Steroid use)

Question 24

If there is androgen excess what will boys present with

Answer 24

Penile enlargement, overgrowth of hair, deep voice

Question 25

If there is androgen excess what will girls present with?

Answer 25

Hirsutism, acne, deep voice, clitoromegaly, short stature, growth plates shut

Question 26

If there is androgen excess what will women present with?

Answer 26

Infertility, hirsutism, acne, male pattern baldness, menstrual irregularities, hair growth in abnormal areas

Question 27

If there is androgen excess what will men present with?

Answer 27

Infertility, lower testosterone, loss of muscle mass, decreased hair growth, decreased testes size, poorly developed sperm

Question 28

If there is high levels of DHEA, DHEA-S, and 17-ketosteroids what could they have?

Answer 28

Androgen excess

Question 29

What does the adrenal medulla do

Answer 29

Secretes catecholamines to regulate the body's sympathetic response to stress (flight or flight) by increasing cardiac output and blood pressure.

Question 30

Bi-potential

Answer 30

Body's ability to create 2 exclusive genes, typically for determining the sex of a human

Question 31

Testes are paired, ovoid organs that serve dual functions. What are they/

Answer 31

Production of sperm Production of reproductive steroid hormones

Question 32

Spermatogonia

Answer 32

Stem cells that form spern

Question 33

What are testosterone controlled by?

Answer 33

FSH and LH

Question 34

Impaired pulse generation of GNRH leads to inadequate production of LH and FSH can lead to what?

Answer 34

Hypogonadism

Question 35

Hypogonadism

Answer 35

Decreased functionally of the gonads (ovaries or testes)

Question 36

Effect on secondary sexual effects what

Answer 36

Promotes growth of various target tissues

Question 37

Hypergonadotropic Hypogonadism

Answer 37

Characterized by low testosterone

Question 38

Klinefelter's syndrome

Answer 38

Presence of an extra chromosome

Question 39

Testicular feminization syndrome

Answer 39

Most sever form of androgen resistance syndrome

Question 40

5a Reductase deficiency

Answer 40

Rare cause of androgen insensitivity and results in a mutation encoding the type 2 isoenzyme

Question 41

Myotonic dystrophy

Answer 41

Presents with primary hypogonadism, fontal balding, diabetes, and muscle weakness, atrophy, and dystonia

Question 42

What can cause mumps orchitis

Answer 42

Testicular injury and infections

Question 43

Sertoli Cell-only syndrome

Answer 43

Presents with small testes, high FSH levels, azoospermia, and normal testosterone levels.

Question 44

Parenteral testosterone

Answer 44

Intramuscular injection

Question 45

What is the best testosterone replacement therapy?

Answer 45

Parenteral testosterone

Question 46

Transdermal testosterone therapy

Answer 46

Absorption from patch through skin; provides more physiologic levels

Question 47

Testosterone gel

Answer 47

Gel applies to nongenital skin; risk of transmission to others.

Question 48

Buccal testosterone

Answer 48

Plastic tablet placed along gum line; local discomfort

Question 49

Testosterone pellet

Answer 49

Subdermal implant

Question 50

What does the ovary produces

Answer 50

Gamete and steroid hormone

Question 51

Follicular phase

Answer 51

All but one recruited follicles in a cycle atrophy

Question 52

Graafian follicle

Answer 52

Remaining follicle contains maturing ovum

Question 53

Luteal phase

Answer 53

Graafian follicle releases ovum in response to L4

Question 54

Luteinization

Answer 54

Graafian follicle develops into corpus luteum

Question 55

Estrogens

Answer 55

Promotes breast, uterine, and vaginal developmentP

Question 56

Progesterone

Answer 56

Induces secretory activity of endometrial glands

Question 57

When does the mestrual cycle start

Answer 57

First day of menses

Question 58

Central control of FSH and LH secretion resides in what?

Answer 58

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) pulse generator in the hypothalamus

Question 59

Amenorrhea

Answer 59

Absence of menses

Question 60

Oligomenorrhea

Answer 60

infrequent or irregular menstrual bleeding