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chapter 16 Flashcards

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1
Q
  1. What are some of the advantages of diagnosis? What are some of the disadvantages? What are some of the barriers to diagnosis?
A

The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) estimates that about 1 in 4 people in the United States has a diagnosable behavioral disorder.
-Only a minority receive treatment of any
kind.
-Fewer receive treatment from a mental
health specialist.

Roadblocks to knowledge about behavioral disorders
-“Normal” behavior is subjective
-Symptoms are sometimes vague

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2
Q
  1. Describe how behavior modification therapy utilizes conditioning.
A

Therapists apply the principles of learning by reinforcement, including operant and classical conditioning.

Systematic desensitization:
Form of habituation that allows an individual to adapt to a repeatedly presented stimulus (treatment of phobias)

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3
Q
  1. What is the target behavior in cognitive therapy?
A

-Thoughts intervene between events and
emotions.
-A person’s self-defeating attitudes and
assumptions are challenged.
-Cognitive therapy is important for people
with brain injuries.

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4
Q
  1. What is emotional therapy? How does it differ from cognitive therapy?
A

Emotional Therapy (Psychotherapy):
-Talking about emotional problems enables
people to gain insights into their causes. It
may also serve as treatment.

-Whether neurological or psychiatric, medical
treatments are ineffective for many disorders
unless patients also receive psychotherapy.

-The only effective treatment in many cases lies in addressing unwanted behaviors directly.
–Talking about difficulties
–Group therapy

cognitive therapy is about how thoughts intervene between events and emotions. vs emotional therapy is about talking about emotional problems in order to gain insights into their causes

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5
Q
  1. How can biofeedback be used in therapeutic ways? How is this similar to the proposed uses of EEGs and fMRIs in therapy?
A

integrates tech into the therapy like mri while they can see their own brains in action.

what is my brain doing and what am I feeling?

getting some sort of reading off of the body that we can pair with a theraputic process to make it more effective.

Real-time fMRI (rt-fMRI): Individuals learn to change their behavior by controlling their patterns of brain activation; behavior-modification techniques using biofeedback.
-First used to treat intractable pain

Other physiological measures: Electroencephalography (EEG)
-Wearable devices and biofeedback methods

Virtual reality (VR) therapy

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6
Q
  1. Describe the use of VR in therapy.
A

Virtual reality (VR) exposure therapy:
Controlled virtual immersion environment combines realistic street scenes, sounds, and odors that allow people to relive traumatic events, develop coping strategies for them, and extinguish their emotional response to the trauma.

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7
Q
  1. What do we mean by “positive” and “negative” symptoms of schizophrenia? What are some examples of each?
A

The DSM lists six diagnostic symptoms of schizophrenia.
-Delusions: beliefs that distort reality
-Hallucinations: distorted perceptions
-Disorganized speech: incoherent statements
-Disorganized behavior or excessive agitation
-Catatonic behavior
-Negative symptoms: blunted emotions or
loss of interest and drive; the absence of
some normal response

Negative symptom- something taken away like things that resemble depression.

Positive symptom- something you’ve added like hallucinations.

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8
Q
  1. How may the brains of individuals with schizophrenia develop differently?
A

Enlarged ventricles and a thinner cortex, suggest cell loss occurs in these areas.

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9
Q
  1. Which neurochemicals are associated with schizophrenia? Briefly, describe the Dopamine Theory of Schizophrenia.
A

TOO MUCH DOPAMINE
-The Dopamine Theory of Schizophrenia
(there is too much dopamine, too little
dopamine=Parkinson’s)
-if we block dopamine then we reduce
symptoms

-Abnormalities in GABA (primary inhibitory
neurotransmitter) and GABA-binding sites
-Changes in the NMDA (long term
potentiation and synapses that have stronger
effects bigger EPSPs), glutamate in some
people with schizophrenia: leading to
development of new classes of glutamate
drug therapy

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10
Q
  1. Which conditions are considered mood disorders?
A

Mood disorders include major depressive disorders, and bipolar disorder.

Major depression: Mood disorder is characterized by prolonged feelings of worthlessness and guilt, disruption of normal eating habits, sleep disturbances, a general slowing of behavior, and frequent thoughts of suicide.

Bipolar disorder: Mood disorder is characterized by periods of depression alternating with normal periods and periods of intense excitation or mania.

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11
Q
  1. Compare and contrast bipolar 1, bipolar 2, and major depression.
A

-bipolar 1: high highs, low lows
-bipolar 2: average highs, low lows
-major depression: barely any highs, low lows

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12
Q
  1. How do SSRI’s work? How do MAOI’s work?
A

Conventional antidepressant drugs such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are directed toward increasing levels of serotonergic and other transmitters that are proposed to be related to depression.

SSRIs: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
-increase serotonin levels by blocking reuptake

MAOI: An enzyme called monoamine oxidase is involved in removing the neurotransmitters norepinephrine, serotonin and dopamine from the brain.
-MAOIs prevent this from happening, which
makes more of these brain chemicals
available to effect changes in both cells and
circuits that have been impacted by
depression. (same effects as SSRI)

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13
Q
  1. What other non-medical treatments are known to be effective for depression?
A

Physical activity, including playing sports, combined with computer-based physical therapies

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14
Q
  1. What kinds of conditions are considered anxiety disorders?
A

Anxiety disorders:
Include phobias, panic disorders, agoraphobia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, PTSD, and generalized anxiety disorder
-Involves 10 classes of anxiety disorders that
together affect 15% to 35% of the population
at some point in their lives (DSM-5 lists)

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15
Q
  1. What types of drugs are used to treat anxiety?
A

Pharmacological treatments:

-GABA-enhancing benzodiazepines
-SSRIs (antidepressants) that act on
noradrenaline and serotonin are now
commonly used to treat anxiety; gradual
changes in brain structure are implied.

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16
Q
  1. What other non-medical treatments are known to be effective for anxiety?
A

Cognitive-behavioral therapy: Most effective behavioral therapies expose and re-expose people to their fears to extinguish emotional responses to otherwise benign events

17
Q
  1. Which groups, ages, sexes, are at highest risk for TBI?
A

The most common form of brain damage in people younger than 40
-Results from the head hitting other objects;
also follows blows to the chest that result in a
rapid increase in blood pressure, which can
damage the brain indirectly

Athletes and soldiers

18
Q
  1. Define coup, contrecoup.
A

Coup: Damage at the site of impact

Contrecoup: Pressure resulting from a coup produces a contrecoup on the opposide end or side of the brain

19
Q
  1. What is CTE and what leads to the development of CTE?
A

Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE):
Progressive degenerative disease caused by multiple concussions and other closed-head injuries; dementia pugilistica (DP)

Concussion can initiate a cascade of pathological events that develop into CTE over the course of the years.
-Neurofibrillary tangles, plaques, and
neuronal death; cerebral atrophy and
expanded ventricles due to cell loss in
advanced cases

20
Q
  1. What are the two kinds of stroke?
A

Ischemic Stroke: Result of blockage to a vessel

Hemorrhagic stroke: Result of bleeding from a vessel. Bleeding could result from a cerebral aneurysm

21
Q
  1. What kinds of treatment are known to be effective for recovery following a stroke?
A

Specific speech therapy programs can aid in the recovery of speech.
-Music and singing

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
-Often used in combination with behavioral
therapy.

Constraint-induced therapy: Intact limb is held in a sling for several hours per day, forcing the patient to use the impaired limb.

22
Q
  1. What is MS?
A

Multiple Sclerosis (MS): Loss of myelin in the motor and sensory nerves

no Mylen=no action potential which can lead to muscle issues and trouble speaking, basically irreversible

23
Q
  1. What is the difference between major and mild neurocognitive disorders?
A

Classification:
Major or mild, depending on the extent to which they allow a person to live independently

24
Q
  1. What are the principle neuroanatomical changes in Alzheimer’s?
A

Alzheimer disease:
-Major neurocognitive disorder and one of
the most common causes of degenerative
neurocognitive disorder
-Known to reduce life span

Predisposing factors:
-Age: Most often begins in people older than
age 65
-Sex: Women more likely to develop and have
more severe symptoms; hormonal influence
-Genetics: Incidence higher in some families;
40% to 70%

Principal neuroanatomical change:
Neuritic (amyloid) plaques
-Located mainly in the cerebral cortex
-Also found in non-Alzheimer dementia

Neurofibrillary tangles (accumulations of microtubules from dead cells)
-Also found in patients with Down syndrome, -Parkinson disease, and other types of
dementia

25
Q
  1. What are the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease? Can cognitive symptoms appear?
A

Parkinson disease:
-Condition in which movement is slowed
-Associated with many other alterations in
movement, emotion, and cognition
-Related to the degeneration of the substantia
nigra and the loss of the neurotransmitter
dopamine released in the striatum

Symptoms:
-Despite a common site of damage,
symptoms vary enormously
-Many symptoms resemble the changes in
motor activity that take place with aging.
-Symptoms vary enormously and begin
insidiously.
1. Tremor in one hand and slight stiffness in
distal parts of the limbs.
2. Movements may become slower, face
becomes mask-like, with loss of eye
blinking and poverty of emotional
expression
3. Body may stoop, and gait becomes a
shuffle, with arms hanging motionless at
the sides
4. Speech may slow and become
monotonous, and difficulty swallowing may
cause drooling

26
Q
  1. What are the four approaches to treating Parkinsons that we discussed?
A

Therapy
-physical therapy
-music

pills
-Increasing the activity in whatever dopamine synapses remain -L-Dopa, is converted to dopamine in the brain and enhances effective dopamine transmission.
-Anticholinergic drugs
-Block the cholinergic systems that seem to show heightened activity in the absence of adequate dopamine activity

surgery
-Deep brain stimulation (DBS); bilateral stimulation of the anterior thalamus

transplant
(we take healthy cells from a healthy brain and transplant them)
* Transplant embryonic dopamine cells into the basal ganglia
* Integration of grafts with the brain and stimulating stem cells to replace lost neurons

27
Q
  1. What is a prion?
A

A misfolded, infectious protein that causes progressive neruodegeneration

28
Q
  1. What is ECT? What condition can it be used to treat? What are some of the disadvantages?
A

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT):
-Uses electrical current to produce seizures as
a treatment for severe depression
-Stimulates the production of chemicals (e.g.,
BDNF) that restore inactive cells to a more
active mode

Problems:
-Need for anesthesia
-ECT leads to memory loss that can show a
cumulative effect with repeated treatments.

29
Q
  1. What is tardive dyskinesia? What type of medication might lead to this condition?
A

Tardive dyskinesia:
-Inability to stop the tongue from moving
-Motor side effects of neuroleptic drugs
-Can last long after person stops taking the
drug

Tardive dyskinesia (comes from taking that medication for a while)
-irreversible
-comes from taking drugs that reduce dopamine levels

intro to brain and behavior (10 decks)

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