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MICRO- Exam 5 > Chapter 16 > Flashcards

Chapter 16 Flashcards

1
Q

What two aspects makes specific immunity different from innate immunity.?

A

Specific immunity comes in after innate immunity.

Characterized by extreme specifcity and memory

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2
Q

What are the two immunities that work as a dual system under specific immunity?

A

Humoral immunity and Cellular immunity

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3
Q

What is humoral immunity associated with?

A

(B-Cells) Associated with body fluids since antibodies float throughout the bloodstream

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4
Q

What are four ways antibodies protect the body?

A

Neutralize toxins

Agglutination

Opsonization

Activate complement

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5
Q

How does cellullar immunity (cell mediated) operate?

A

Tc cells will attack the tissues that are infected, eliminating the pathogen, but also destorying our own tissues.

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6
Q

What do Th cells do?

A

They help to regulate and activate immune reactions.

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7
Q

What are the two lymphocytes?

A

B cells

T cells

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8
Q

How do B cells respond to antigens?

A

By producing specific defensive proteins called antibodies

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9
Q

How do Cytotixic T cells (CD8 celles, Tc) respond to antigens?

A

They destroy the infected host cells and other “foreign cells”.

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10
Q

How do Helper T cells (CD4 cells. Th) respond to antigens?

A

Enhance or help other lymphocytes, macrophages, or stimulate B cells to produce antibodies.

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11
Q

What is infection?

A

Meeting a microbe in daily life. Results in illness, but body learns that microbe.

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12
Q

What is vaccination?

A

Purposeful introduction to a microbe. Used for dieases to dangerous to risk infection.

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13
Q

What is a attenuated vaccine?

A

A vaccine that contain live cells that have been gentically altered. Grants stronger, long lasting immunity.

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14
Q

What is a inactivated vaccine?

A

A vaccine that contains cells killed by heat or chemical means. Very safe ,but less effective.

Requires boosters

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15
Q

Where does clonal deletion occur?

A

In the primary lymph tissue of the respective cell

Thymus (T cell)

Bone marrow (B cell)

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16
Q

How does clonal deletion occur?

A

As B cell and T cells are maturing, they are presented with self antigens

Those B cells and T cells that bind with the self antigen undergo apoptosis (programmed cell death)

Eliminating from the supply lymphocytes that would match self cells

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17
Q

Why does clonal deletion occur?

A

To eleminate cell that react to self antigens before they are released and cause autoimmune diseases.

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18
Q

Name six secondary lymph tissues.

A

Lymph nodes

Tonsils

Adenoids

Appendix

Spleen

Peyer’s Patches

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19
Q

What is the purpose of secondary lymph tissues?

A

To serve as storage for lymphocytes after the primary tissues.

This is where lymphocytes interact with pathogens most often

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20
Q

What is the purpose of primary lymph tissues?

A

To give arise and mature lymphocytes

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21
Q

What is a antigen?

A

Any substance capable of generating an immune response.

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22
Q

What material makes a good antigen? Weaker? and poorest?

A

Proteins make excellent antigens

Polysaccharides are weaker

Pure lipids and nucleic acids are poorest

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23
Q

What are three characteristics of antigens?

A
  1. Molecular weight greater then 10,000 daltons
  2. Chemical structure- different from self
  3. Antigenic determinants (epitopes)
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24
Q

What are some examples of a good antigen?

A

Whole cells and viruses

Complex molecules with several epitopes

25
Q

What are examples of bad antigens?

A

Small molecules; simple and large repetitive molecules

26
Q

Name the three major types of antigens

A
  1. Soluble - dissolves in body fluid
  2. Particulate - small parts
  3. Whole intact cells
27
Q

What do receptors on B cells look like?

A

Tethered antibody molecules called surface immunoglobulins

28
Q

What are antigen receptors on T cell called?

A

T cell antigen receptors

These are CD receptors and need the help of MHC proteins

29
Q

What is immune tolerance?

A

The ability to not react to the your own body’s molecules

30
Q

What part of the pathogen do lymphocytes recognize?

A

The epitopes on the surface of the pathogen

31
Q

How do our lymphocytes recognize our self cells?

A

Through our epitopes (MHC proteins)

32
Q

What are MHC I proteins?

A

Proteins found in everyone similiarity has to do with relatioin.

Reason for tissue compatibilty

Helps the body recognize self cells

33
Q

What are MHC II proteins?

A

Proteins found on macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells.

T cells detect these on antigens during immune response.

34
Q

Where are B cells create and where do they mature?

A

They are created in the bone marrow, and stay there to differentiate.

35
Q

Where are T cells created and where do they mature?

A

They are created in the bone marrow, and migrate to the thymus to differentiate.

36
Q

Describe the steps of lymphocytes to become unique.

A
  1. During production each lymphocyte (in bone marrow) has it own gentic code that makes it unique to receptor sites.
  2. In bone marrow, B cells become immunocompetent; having the antibody that serves as its antigen receptor

In the thymus, T cells receive their receptors and also become immunocompetent

  1. Each is termed naive B or C cell, before it meets the antigen.
37
Q

Describe the shape, number of units, and general characteristics of IgM antibody.

A

Pentamer- 5 units, largest antibody (J-chain)

Complement binding sites

First to activate, weak, only innate antibody

38
Q

Describe the shape, number of units, and general characteristics of IgA antibody.

A

Dimer - 2 units hooked together (J-chain)

Secretory antibodies, found in breast milk, saliva,mucus

Along mucous membranes

Protects newborns from GI infections

Secretory component protects antibody from digestion.

39
Q

Describe the shape, number of units, and general characteristics of IgD antibody.

A

Monomers

Less than1%, least

On surface of B cells

Unknown function

40
Q

Describe the shape, number of units, and general characteristics of IgG antibody.

A

Monomer- single antibody unit (pysically smallest)

75% most numerous

Located in blood, extracellular fluid

Activates complement, aids in opsonization

Can cross the placental barrier

41
Q

Describe the shape, number of units, and general characteristics of IgE antibody.

A

Monomer

Located on the surfaces of mast cells, eosinophils, and basophils

Allergy antibodies, help to control worms by buring above mentioned cells

42
Q

What are the four ways antibodies react with antigens?

A

Neutralization

Opsonization

Activation of complement

Agglutination

43
Q

How do antibodies neutralize pathogens?

A

Antibodies bind to and cover attachment sites for viruses and toxins

44
Q

How do antibodies facilitate opsonization?

A

Phagocytes interact with antibodies for phagocytosis

45
Q

How do antibodies prompt the activation of complement?

A

IgM or IgG has complement binding sites that activate complement for opsonization, and initiate the membrane attack complex.

46
Q

How do antibodies help in the process of agglutination?

A

IgM helps to “round up” multiple antigens and keeps them bound for phagocytosis

47
Q

How are B cell and T cell activation dependent on one another?

A

T-cells must contact antigen to produce cytokines to activate B cells.

Then T cells must come into contact with B-cells to pass those cytokines.

Thus the antgien recognititon and activation of B-calls works best in lymph node where they are in close communication.

48
Q

Give the functions of T helper cells (Th cell)

A

Regulate immune reactions of B cells and T cells

Improves opsonization

Most prevalent type of T cell in the blood and lymph oragans

Th1 (activates more T cells) and Th2 (enhance B cells activation) is defind by the type of interleukin released by the APC during activation

49
Q

What are the functions of T cytotoic cell (Tc cell)

A

Kill a specific target cells (infected host cell)

Tc injurse the target cell using perforins to punch holes in the membranes of target cells, and granzymes (enzyme that attack proteins)

Then apoptosis of infected target cell occurs

50
Q

What are the targets of Tc cells?

A

Virally infected cells, recognized by virus proteins on cell surface

Cancer cells

Cells from other animals and humans

51
Q

Define: Artificially acquired passive immunity

A

A person who receives an injection of gamma globulin that contains read-made antibodies.

Provides short-term production.

52
Q

Define Artificially acquired active immunity

A

A person who receives a vaccine containing a dead or weakened pathogen.

53
Q

Define naturally acquired active immunity

A

when an individual encounters a live pathogen, which stimulates a primary IR, and suffers symptoms of a disease

54
Q

Define Naturally acquired passive immunity

A

When antibodies pass through a placental membrane to the fetus.
Provides short-term protection.

55
Q

What is the difference between primary and secondary immunological response in terms of memory?

A

After pimary response memory cells persist and provide immunological memory. Primary response takes 1 to 2 weeks, while secondary produces antibodies in a few days due to lack of latent period.

56
Q

Describe the steps in B-call activation

A
  1. Naïve B-cells tethered antibodies match and bind with the present microbe.
  2. B-cell endocytoses the microbe and presents smaller pieces on the MHC II proteins to the Th2 cell.
  3. Previously activated Th2 (that matches the microbe) links with B-cell and it’s antigen bearing MHC II proteins
  4. Th2 cell chemically signals for the B-cell to proliferate.

5 – 6. Some clones become memory cells to be used later. Other clones go on to produce plasma cells.

  1. Plasma cells secrete large amounts of antibodies (2000/second) with same specificity as original B-cell
57
Q

How are Tc cells activated?

A

Ag enters and is process by APC to

The cell show the antigen on MHC I to the CD8 cell which in turns becomes memory cells and Tc cells which go on to kill specific target cells

58
Q

How are Th cell activated?

A

Antigen Presenting cell present Ag on MCH II to Th CD4 cell

CD4 cell activate Th1 (activate more T cells) and Th II (enhance B cell activation)

MICRO- Exam 5 (2 decks)

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