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immuno > Chapter 16 > Flashcards

Chapter 16 Flashcards

1
Q

What kind of drug is prednisone?

A

its a corticosteriod and its anti-inflammatory

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2
Q

inhibit inflammation; inhibit many targets including cytokine production by macrophages

A

corticosteriods

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3
Q

what drugs are considered cytotoxic?

A

azathioprine, cyclophosphamide, mycophenolate

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4
Q

inhibit proliferation of lymphocytes by interfering with DNA synthesis

A

azathioprine, cyclophosphamide, mycophenolate

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5
Q

what are the non-cytotoxic drugs?

A

cyclosporin A, tacrolimus (FK506) and Rapamycin (sirolimus)

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6
Q

inhibit the calcnineurin-dependent activation of NFAT; block IL-2 production by T cells and proliferation by T cells

A

cyclosporin A and Tacrolimus (FK506)

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7
Q

inhibits proliferation of effector T cells by blocking raptor dependent mToR activation

A

rapamycin (sirolimus)

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8
Q

what type of drugs controls egress of B/T cells from lymphoid organ to tissue?

A

Fingolimod (FTY270)

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9
Q

blocks lymphocyte trafficking out of lymphoid tissues by interfering with signaling by sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor

A

fingolimod

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10
Q

corticosteriods are powerful anti-inflammatory drugs that alter the _____

A

transcription of many genes

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11
Q

Prednisone: synthetic version of hormone ___. they are derivatives of ____family of steroid hormones, which maintain body’s homeostasis

A
  1. cortisol
  2. glucocorticoid
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12
Q

corticosteroids cross plasma membrane and bind to intracellular receptors of the _____family

A

nuclear receptor family

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13
Q

activated glucocorticoid receptors are transported to nucleus where they bind to DNA and interact with other transcription factors to regulate ____

A

20% of genes in leukocytes

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14
Q

____cause immunosuppression by killing dividing cells but have serious side effects

A

cytotoxic drugs

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15
Q

cytotoxic dugs are toxic to all tissues, so use only when must elminate all dividing lymphocytes as in ______

A

Lymphoma/leukemia

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16
Q

_____interferes with CD28 co-stimulation of T cells, promoting their apoptosis. Blocks de novo synthesis of guanosine, inhibiting DNA synthesis. If this modified purine analog is incorporated, DNA more prone to mutations from UV radiations

A

Azathioprine

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17
Q

_____alkylates DNA. Nitrogen mustard family.

A

cyclophosphamide

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18
Q

cytotoxic drug’s are only used when_____

A

nothing else works, its a last resort

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19
Q

Non-cytoxic drugs all bind to intracellular proteins called ____ interferes with signaling pathway important for lymphocyte expansion

A

immunophilins

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20
Q

cyclosporin A is derived from ___

A

soil fungus

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21
Q

tacrolimuse is from _____

A

filamentous bacterium streptomyces

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22
Q

Rapamycin is from ____

A

streptomyces bacterium

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23
Q

__-regulatory associated protein of mTOR

A

Raptor

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24
Q

____rapamycin insensitve companion of mTOR

A

rictor

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25
Q

Raptor MTOR= _____

A

cell proliferation

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26
Q

Rictor MTOR=______

A

influences cell adhesion, migration by influencing actin cytoskelton

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27
Q

when is a drug considered a novel drug?

A

when it is not considered corticosteroid, cytotoxic agent and non-cytoxic agent

28
Q

novel drugs attack enzymes in ____

A

JAK/STAT pathway

29
Q

____: inhibitors of JAK. Affecting T cell development

A

JAK-inhib

30
Q

____: analog of a molecule needed to bring emigration of lymphocytes. This drug causes retention of lymphocytes in lymphoid organs and doesn’t allow them reach target tissue

A

Fingolimod

31
Q

_____against cell surface molecules can be used to eliminate lymphocyte subsets or to inhibit lymphocyte function

A

antibodies

32
Q

Antibodies can be engineered to reduce their _____ in humans

A

immunogenicity

33
Q

monocloonal antibodies as a therapeutic class are called ____

A

biologics

34
Q

problem with monoclonal antibodies is they are often made in _____. to avoid reactions, must be made to be not recognized as foreign called _____

A
  1. nonhuman species
  2. humanization
35
Q

____immunogenic in humans, fully made in mouse. limiting usefulness

A

omab

36
Q

____chimeric, V region from mouse

A

Ximab

37
Q

____: humanized; splicing in complementarity determining regions from mouse, further reducing immunogenicity (CDR region)

A

zumab

38
Q

___: fully human, least immunogenic

A

umab

39
Q

Rituximab is _____, ___ and _____

A

anti-CD-20, eliminates B cells, used in nonhodgkins lymphoma

40
Q

alemtuzumab is _____, ____ and ____

A

anti-CD52, eliminates lymphocytes, crhonic myeloid leukemia

41
Q

daclizumab and basiliximab is _____, ____ and ____

A

anti-IL-2R, reduces T cell activation, kidney transplantation

42
Q

natalizumab is _____, ___ and _____

A

anti-alpha4 integrin, block lymphocyte trafficking, mutliple sclerosis

43
Q

ipilimumab is _____ , ____ and ____

A

anti CTLA-4, increases CD4 T cell responses, metastic melanoma

44
Q

monoclonal antibodies can be used to prevent allograft rejection, why do you give alemtuzumab, daclizumab and basiliximab?

A
  1. alemtuzumab is given to recipient during transplantaion to remove mature T cells from circulation
  2. daclizumab and basiliximab given to reduce T cell activation
45
Q

____is anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody. It binds to CD20 on B cells (not plasma cells) and induces apoptosis and depletes B cells for several months, treatment for rheumatoid arthritis

A

rituximab

46
Q

Biologics that block ____, ____ or ____ can alleviate autoimmune diseases.

A

TNFalpha, IL-1 or IL-6

47
Q

anti-TNF alpha antibodies, bind _____

A

bind TNF-alpha and block its activity

48
Q

TNF receptor subunit protein called _____which also bind TNF alpha and neutralizes it

A

etanercept

49
Q
  1. Biologic agent can block cell migration to sites of inflammation and reduce immune responses
    -interaction between VLA-4 on lymphocytes and macrophages and VCAM-1 on endothelial cells permits adhesion of these cells to brain endothelium and facilitates their migration into the plaque regions in MS
    -Natalizumab binds to ____, blocks ____ and they can not _____
A

binds to the integrin, blocks interaction with VCAM-1 and they can not enter tissue and cause inflammation

50
Q

some commonly used drugs have immunomodulatory properties: ____ and ___ used in heart disease can modulate immune response

A

statins and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors

51
Q

statis block enzyme ____ and reduce ____ levels in membranes. This affects cell signaling in ____.

A
  1. HMG-Coa reductase
  2. cholesterol
  3. lymphocytes
52
Q

ACE inhibitors: _____ is not made, this usually mediates pro-inflammatory responses

A

angiotensin II

53
Q

copaxone for MS: four amino acids in ratios mimic the ____. forced to induce ____response which is protective (______)

A
  1. myelin basic protein
  2. Th2
  3. shift the autoimmune T cell response to a less damaging one
54
Q

-potential tumor rejection antigens:
___: cell cycle regulator and tumor type is melanoma

A

cyclin dependent kinase 4

55
Q

-potential tumor rejection antigens:
____: regulator apoptosis and tumor type is squamous cell carcinoma

A

caspase 8

56
Q

-potential tumor rejection antigens:
____: receptor tyrosine kinase and tumor type is breast/ovary

A

Her2/neu

57
Q

tumor specific antigens that result from ___or ___ that happened during oncogenesis and affect a particular gene product

A

point mutations or gene rearangements

58
Q

-categories of tumor rejection antigens
____: expressed only in particular tissues. example antigens expressed in melanocytes and melanoma cells, including the production of melanin

A

differentiation antigens

59
Q

-categories of tumor rejection antigens
____: genes that are overexpressd in tumor cells, EX: HER2/neu is overexpressed in breast and ovarian cancer and is associated with poor prognosis. CTLs seen floating in these tumors, but unable to kill them.

A

abnormal/overexpression

60
Q

-categories of tumor rejection antigens
____: such as under glycosylated mucin MUC-1 expressed by many tumors

A

molecules that have abnormal post translational modification

61
Q

-categories of tumor rejection antigens
____: generated when introns left behind in mRNA from melanoma for example

A

Novel proteins

62
Q

if a viral oncogene, then the proteins produced by viruses are unique and evoke a ____

A

T cell response

63
Q

____are fusion receptors that have extracellular antigen specific domains fused to intracellular domains that provide signal for activation/co-stimulation
-receptors introduced into T cells via retroviral vector to produce CAR T cells

A

CARs

64
Q

_____: targets receptors HER2-neu. Overexpressed in 1/4 breast cancer patients. Acts by blocking binding of the natural unknown ligand, downregulates receptor expression and blocks tumor cell division

A

trastuzumab(Herceptin)

65
Q

_____: anti-CD20 antibody in non-Hodgkins B cell lymphoma. It triggers apoptosis of B cells upon binding to CD-20 on their surface. to improve ability to get antibody tumor, not get used by soluble antigens; can link it to toxin: immunotoxin

A

rituximab

66
Q

____and _____. antibdoy in internalized, toxin cleaved and that chain can kill cell

A

ricin A chain and Pseudomonas toxin

immuno (3 decks)

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