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Exam 3 > Chapter 16 > Flashcards

Chapter 16 Flashcards

1
Q

Assessment of the Emergency Situation?

A

-Primary assessment
-Airway -Breathing -Circulation (pulse and severe bleeding)

-Life-threatening situations
-Arrested or abnormal breathing or pulse

-Fractures, dislocations, and superficial ecchymoses of wounds require attention after the more serious conditions are treated

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2
Q

Obtaining Medical Emergency Aid?

A

-The nurse’s ability to recognize the need for medical assistance and knowledge of how to obtain medical emergency aid can mean the difference between life and death to an injured or ill person

-Health care providers must be prepared to provide cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) if needed until emergency medical assistance arrives

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3
Q

Moral and Legal Responsibilities of the Nurse?

A
  • Good Samaritan laws

-Enacted in most states to protect health professionals from legal liability when providing emergency first aid

-Follow a reasonable and prudent course of action

-Victim must give verbal permission

-The law assumes that an unconscious person would give consent if he or she were able

-Once first aid is initiated , the nurse has the moral and legal obligation to continue the aid until the victim can be cared for by someone with comparable or better training

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4
Q

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation?

A

-Ethical implications

-Events necessitating CPR

Book

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5
Q

Event Necessitating CPR ?

A

-CPR is indicated in any syndrome where respiration or circulation are absent

-Two purposes of CPR

-Clinical death

-Biologic death

-Brain death

book

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6
Q

Events necessitating CPR two purpose of CPR ?

A

-To keep the lungs supplied with oxygen when breathing has stopped

-To keep the blood circulating and carrying oxygen to the brain, heart , and other parts of the body

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7
Q

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Part 2?

A

-Initial assessment and response

-The CABS of CPR

-Health care providers and lay persons establish unresponsiveness , activate the EMS, and retrieve the

-AED rescue

book

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8
Q

One Rescuer CPR?

A

-Determine unresponsiveness

-Determine breathlessness

-Call for help

-Activate the EMS (emergency medical services) system

-CABS (compressions first, followed by clearing of the airway and rescue breaths) of CPR

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9
Q

Adult two-rescuer CPR?

A

-If EMS not activated-direct second rescuer to activate EMS

-The ventilator person at victim’s head

-Compressor person at victim’s chest

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10
Q

The basic steps of CPR and foreign body airway obstruction management are?

Pediatric CPR?

A
  • the same whether the victim is an infant, a child, or an adult

-Position victim on firm, flat surface

-May have to carry small child/infant while performing CPR

-For the purpose of life support
-Infant: younger than 1 year
-Child: between the ages of 1 year to puberty

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11
Q

Foreign Body Airway Obstruction Management?

A

-is the most common cause of choking or airway obstruction in the adult

-Foreign objects are the most common cause of airway obstruction in children

-If the air exchange is good and the victim is able to cough forcibly, do not interfere

-The victim should be monitored closely , because he or she may regress to a state of poor exchange

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12
Q

Abdominal Thrusts?

A
  • Foreign body airway obstruction

-Conscious victim

-Unconscious victim

-Pregnant victim

  • Infant or child
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13
Q

Shock?

A
  • Shock is an abnormal condition of inadequate blood flow to the body’s peripheral tissues, with life-threatening cellular dysfunction, hypotension, and oliguria

-It results from failure of the cardiovascular system to provide sufficient blood circulation to the body’s tissues and decreased metabolic waste removal

-To maintain circulatory homeostasis , there must be a functioning heart to circulate blood and a sufficient volume of blood

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14
Q

Classification of Shock Classified according to cause?

A

-Severe blood loss -Intense pain

-Extensive trauma; burns

-Poisons

-Emotional stress or intense emotions

-Extremes of heat and cold

-Electrical shock

-Allergic reactions

-Sudden or severe illness

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15
Q

Bleeding and Hemorrhage Effects of blood loss ?

A

-Blood loss from internal or external bleeding causes a decrease in oxygen supply to the body

-Blood pressure drops

-Heart pumps faster to compensate for the decreased volume and blood pressure

-The body will attempt to clot the blood to halt bleeding, usually requiring 6 - 7 minutes

-Uncontrolled bleeding can result in shock and death

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16
Q

Types of bleeding ?

A

-Capillary
-Venous
-Arterial
-Epistaxis
-Internal bleeding

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17
Q

General Causes of Internal Bleeding Damage to a blood vessel?

A

-Minor tears can occur with an injury

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18
Q

General Causes of Internal Clotting factors?

A

Your body makes proteins to stop any bleeding if you’re cut or your body make enough clotting factorsyou may bleed freely

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19
Q

General Causes of Internal Certain medications?

A

Certain medications, like blood thinners, can prevent clotting and lead to severe bleeding if you’re injured or have an accident.

Some over the counter medications including can damage the lining of your stomach

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20
Q

General Causes of Internal Chronic high blood?

A

pressure weakens blood vessel walls
-Weak walls can form that can rupture and bleed

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21
Q

General Causes of Internal Inherited bleeding disordersis ?

A

a genetic condition that prevents your blood from properly clotting

-A minor injury may bleed heavily if it’s not properly treated

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22
Q

General Causes of Internal Gastrointestinal (GI) ?

A

causes Bleeding in your abdomen, or stomach, may be caused by one of several conditions.

These include colon polyis ,crohns disease, gastrities, esophagitis ams peptic ulcers

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23
Q

General Causes of Internal Endometriosis?

A

a condition where uterine is growing outside of the uterus

-The uterus will shed its lining and cause bleeding in a separate place, such as the is with the of biopsies, a an and an ultrasound

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24
Q

General Causes of Internal Lifestyle factor ?

A

smoking, and drugs can the lining of your stomach

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25
Q

Serious Causes of Internal Bleeding?

A

-Trauma. Experiences including car accidents, falls, and dropping a heavy object on yourself can damage your organs, blood vessels, and bones.

-You may experience internal bleeding without cutting your skin

-Aneurysms. Weak blood vessel walls can bulge and form pockets of blood. Many aneurysms don’t cause any symptoms, but a burst aneurysm can be life-threatening.

–Broken bones. Most broken bones are nothing to be worried about, but breaking your body’s larger bones, such as the femur, can cause significant internal bleeding.

-Ectopic pregnancy. A pregnancy outside the uterus can cause internal bleeding as the fetus grows. The condition can be life-threatening

-Surgery. Before a surgeon completes an operation, they make sure all the bleeding has stopped. If they miss something, bleeding may even after the incision is closed. In some cases, this bleeding can be severe.

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26
Q

Signs and Symptoms of (Inter-cranial) Internal Bleeding?

A
  • weakness, usually on one side of your body

-numbness, usually on one side of your body

-tingling, especially in hands and feet

-severe, sudden headache

-difficulty swallowing or chewing

-change in vision or hearing

-loss of balance, coordination, and eye focus difficulty speaking or understanding speech

-difficulty writing

-changes in overall alertness , including increases in sleepiness, lethargy, or stupor

-loss of consciousness

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27
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Internal Bleeding In (Chest) and Head?

A

-abdominal pain
-shortness of breath
-chest pain
-dizziness, especially when standing
-bruising around your navel or on the sides of your abdomen
-nausea -vomiting -blood in urine
-black tarry
-bleeding from another area, including ears, nose, mouth, or anus

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28
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Internal Bleeding In Muscles and Joints?

A

-pain in a joint
-swelling in a joint
-decreased range of motion

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29
Q

Controlling Bleeding?

A
  • Direct pressure
    -Raising the bleeding part of the body above the level of the heart
    -Indirect pressure
    -Application of a tourniquet
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30
Q

Wounds and Trauma Closed wounds?

A
  • The underlying tissue of the body is involved; the top layer of skin is not broken

-Ecchymoses ( bruises) and contusions occur

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31
Q

Wound and Trauma Openings Wound ?

A

or breaks in the mucous membrane or skin

-Abrasions
-Puncture wounds
-Incisions
-Lacerations
-Avulsions

-Chest injuries

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32
Q

What are 5 type of wound ?

A

-abrasion -incision -laceration -puncture -Avusion

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33
Q

Treatment of Wounds?

A
  • Dressings and bandages
  • Bandage compress
    -Triangular bandage
    -Roller bandage
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34
Q

Poisons ?

A

-General assessment of Signs and symptoms may be delayed for hours

-Ingest poisons
-Inhaled poisons
-Absorbed poisons
-Inject poisons

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35
Q

Drug and Alcohol Emergencies?

A

-Alcohol
-Mild intoxication signs and symptoms
-Serious intoxication signs and symptoms

-Drugs -

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36
Q

Heat and Cold Emergencies?

A
  • Heat injury
    -Heat exhaustion
    -Heatstroke
    -Exposure to excessive cold
    -Hypothermia
    -Frostbite
37
Q

Bone, Joint , and Muscle Injuries Fractures ?

A
  • A break in the continuity of -Types of common fractures (compound closed ,green stick, spiral , impacted , compressed and depressed)
38
Q

Bone, Joint , and Muscle Injuries Dislocations?

A

occur joints in usually from blow or fall

39
Q

Bone, Joint , and Muscle Injuries Strains and sprains ?

A
  • Strains are injury to muscle tissue from stretching and tearing due to overexeetion

-RICE (Rest, Ice, Compression , Elevation)

40
Q

Spinal Cord Injuries Assessment?

A

-Assess for paralysis
-Test for sensation

-Assess for abrasions and ecchymoses on the back

41
Q

Spinal Cord Injuries Nursing interventions?

A

-Take spinal cord precautions -Maintain airway keep head in a neutral position

42
Q

Burn Injuries?

A
  • Shallow partial-thickness burns
    -Deep partial-thickness burns
    -Full-thickness burns
43
Q

keeping the person in the best possible physical and mental condition until the assistance of ?

A

emergency medical services (EMS) is obtained.

44
Q

This process of classifying a group of patients according to the severity of injury and need of care is called ? .

A

triage

45
Q

(legal protection for those who give first aid in an emergency situation) have been enacted in most states to protect health professionals from legal liability when they provide emergency first aid.?

A

Good Samaritan laws

46
Q

Clinical death?

A

means that heartbeat and respiration have stopped

47
Q

Brain death?

A

is an irreversible form of unconsciousness characterized by a complete loss of brain function while the heart continues to beat

-After 10 minutes without CPR, brain death most likely occurs.

48
Q

CAP?

A

-circulation (pulselessness cardiac arrest indicates that needs for external cardiac compression)

-airway

-breathing

49
Q

The absence of a pulse confirms the diagnosis of cardiac arrest?

A

(sudden cessation of functional circulation)

50
Q

Infant coughing, gagging, and stridor ?

A

(harsh sound during respirations, high-pitched and resembling the blowing of wind, caused by obstruction of the air passage

  • The victim often becomes unconscious
51
Q

abnormal condition of inadequate blood flow to the body’s peripheral tissues (decreased tissue perfusion)?

A

Shocked

52
Q

Shock results?

A

in life-threatening cellular dysfunction , hypotension , and oliguria

53
Q

(diminished amount of urine formation, less than 500 mL of urine produced within 24 hours)?

A

oliguria

54
Q

(slightly bluish , grayish , slatelike , or dark purple discoloration of the skin , especially of the lips and nail beds , caused by an excess of deoxygenated hemoglobin in the blood ) develops , and the victim appears dehydrated ?

A

cyanosis

55
Q

(an abnormal circulatory condition in which air travels through the bloodstream and becomes lodged in a blood vessel ) that travels to the vital organs , including the heart , lungs , and brain?

A

Air embolism

56
Q

is common but is seldom a serious emergency?

A

Epistaxis ( nosebleed )

57
Q

The following arteries are the most common sites of arterial bleeding :?

A

-Brachial (in the medial aspect of the upper arm )
-Carotid ( on either side of the neck )
-Femoral ( in the upper thigh and groin )
-Radial ( in the medial aspect of the lower arm )

58
Q

( self inflicted local digital trauma from nasal picking ) infections , including the common cold; snorting?

A

Epistaxis digitorum

59
Q

Internal Bleeding symptoms Some victims expectorate blood (hemoptysis) or vomit blood ?

A

hematemesis

60
Q

Internal bleeding symptoms ?

A

Dark, tarry stool? (melena ) or blood in the urine (hematuria ) may occur

61
Q

(discolorations of an area of the skin or mucous membrane caused by the extravasation of blood into the subcutaneous tissues ; also called bruises?

A

Examples of closed wounds are ecchymoses

62
Q

(injuries that do not break the skin, caused by a blow and characterized by edema swelling discoloration , and pain ), strains , and sprains?

A

Examples of closed wounds are contusions

63
Q

The following signs and symptoms are most likely to occur with a closed wound ?

A

(1) edema usually (appears within 24 to 48 hours)

(2) discoloration is likely to result from the formation of a hematoma ( swelling containing blood): initially the discoloration is blackish blue and then turns to green or yellow within a few days;

(3) deformity of the limbs is caused by fractures and dislocations;

(4) shock often follows from the force of the trauma;

(5) pain and tenderness at the site are possible; and

(6) signs of internal bleeding are sometimes present.

64
Q

(an active immunizing agent prepared from detoxified tetanus toxin that produces an antigenic response in the body , conferring active immunity to tetanus infection ) ?

A

-may be necessary as a general treatment for an open wound

-The patient should receive the tetanus vaccine every 10 years to maintain immunity

65
Q

caused by a rubbing or scraping of the outer layers of the skin .

-Bleeding typically is limited to of blood -there is danger of infection from contamination with dirt and microorganisms .

-include rope and road burns , scratches , and scrapes of knees and elbows?

A

Abrasions

66
Q

-are piercing wounds of the skin.

-They typically are made by knives, nails, wood, glass, or other objects that penetrate the skin.

-often force dirt and microorganisms deep into the tissuesIf the object remains firmly in the skin, do not attempt to remove

  • Removal has the potential to cause significant bleeding or other types of complications that may necessitate emergency surgical intervention?
A

Puncture wounds

67
Q

-are smoothly divided wounds made by sharp instruments

-Infection is not as likely to occur because blood flows freely from the wound. -However, bleeding is sometimes extensive , and muscle, tendon, and nerve damage is possible

-Common examples include cuts from knives, broken glass, razors, or paper edges ?

A

Incisions

68
Q

-are wounds that are torn with jagged, irregular edges. -Bleeding is often profuse, and tissue destruction and infection are possible -Auto accidents, blunt objects, and heavy machinery accidents are common causes?

A

lacerations

69
Q

-torn piece of tissue that results in a section being completely removed or left hanging by a flap

-are sometimes minor, with only a small amount of displaced skin, but sometimes they include large areas of tissue, with exposure of underlying bones tendons or muscles

-are often more difficult to heal than other types of wounds because wound edges are more difficult to approximate?

A

avulsion

70
Q

In many chest wounds, air or blood escapes into the pleural space?

A

(the potential space between the visceral and parietal layers of the pleura chest wound

71
Q

Therefore air ( pneumothorax ) or blood ( hemothorax ) entering this space has the potential to cause an increase in?

A

pressure , which often results in collapse of lung tissue

72
Q

Bluish or grayish color of the skin, nails, lips, or around the eyes?

A

cyanosis blue skin

73
Q

( two or more ribs fractured in two or more places , resulting in instability in part of the chest wall) with associated hemothorax , pneumothorax , and pulmonary contusion?

A

Severe blunt trauma sometimes results in flail chest

74
Q

-most common type of dressing -These bandages are used to control bleeding?

A

Bandage Compress

75
Q

Nurses use this most commonly as a sling to support injured bones?

A

triangular bandage

76
Q

support an injured part, apply pressure to a dressing for control of bleeding , or secure a splint to immobilize a part?

A

Gauze Bandage

77
Q

allergic reaction if the person is injected with a drug to which the person is allergic if the person receives a venomous sting or bite from an insect reptile , or animal ?

A

Inject poisons ( always call the poisons control )

78
Q

-nausea vomiting, diarrhea, lack of coordination , and poor muscle control

-Flushing, erythema of the face and eyes, -visual disturbances, and rapid mood swings are often present.

-Slurred or inappropriate speech, inappropriate behavior , and lethargy (sleepiness) are also typical?

A

Signs and symptoms of mild intoxication

79
Q

Signs and symptoms include drowsiness that progresses to coma; rapid, weak pulse and depressed labored breathing or respiratory arrest

-Loss of control of urinary and bowel functions, and disorientation, restlessness, and hallucinations

are possible, tremors that have the potential to progress to grand mal seizures, nausea, vomiting expectoration of blood from the respiratory tract , and diarrhea ,

-Some affected people also experience loss of memory , visual disturbances , lack of muscle coordination and depressed reflexes?

A

Serious alcohol intoxication usually is caused by consuming a large quantity of alcohol over a short period of time

80
Q

disorientation, hallucinations, and changes in the victim’s

-level consciousness coma and death are possible results.

-Slurred speech, extremes in mood swings, inappropriate behavior, and anxiety are also present in some cases.

-Sometimes he has a fever and flushed skin and experiences diaphoresis (sweating)?

A

drug abuser, observe for signs and symptoms

81
Q

-is the most common type of heat injury and

-is the result of prolonged perspiration and the loss of large quantities of salt and water

-It occurs most often in hot, humid weather when people do not adequately replace fluids (common in older adults, in whom the thirst mechanism is diminished even when they are dehydrated)?

A

Heat exhaustion

82
Q

-is a more serious heat injury ; death is possible if heat stroke goes untreated

-The most common cause of heatstroke is vigorous physical activity in a hot, humid environment.

-The body stores excessive heat because it is unable to cool itself properly.

-Body temperature sometimes rises to 106F ( 41C) or greater.

-Damage to the victim’s brain and central nervous system may result?

A

Heatstroke

83
Q

-results when a person’s body temperature drops lower than 95F (35C)

-The drop in body temperature affects all vital organs and body tissue because of lack of oxygenated blood perfusing tissues

-Age is also a common risk factor. Are the very young and elderly are susceptible ?

A

Hypothermia

84
Q

-most common and dangerous local cold injury involving freezing and damaging of body cells

-Ice crystals form in the body’s interstitial and cellular spaces as a result of the cold temperature leading to decreased blood flow, inhibiting sufficient heat to the body’s tissues, and causing destruction of tissue integrity

-Common areas affected by frostbite are the ears, nose, fingers, toes, and lips?

A

Frostbite

85
Q

Assessment To assess for paralysis?

A

ask the victim whether he or she is able to move the hands and feet and whether any pain or sensation is felt.

86
Q

Assessment Assess for sensation by?

A

-touching or gently pinching the victim’s skin.

-Any abrasions and ecchymosis , especially on the head, shoulders, back, and abdomen, indicate possible injury to the victim’s spinal cord

87
Q

-are the least serious of all burns , involving only the outer layer of the skin

-The most common first
- degree burns are simple sunburns or burns from contact with hot objects
-Healing usually is spontaneous by self occur 2-5?

A

Shallow partial - thickness burns -( also classified as first degree burns )

88
Q

-fully involve the first layer of skin as well as some of the underlying tissue( epidermis) , ( dermis )

-scarring from vesicles and infection is possible .

-Common causes of second
-degree burns are severe sunburn , scalding liquids , direct flame , and chemical substances

-Healing may take 5 to 21 days.?

A

Deep partial - thickness burns (also classified as second degree burns )

Exam 3 (8 decks)

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