Chapter 15 Vocab

Question 1

psychological disorder

Answer 1

a syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior.

Question 2

medical model

Answer 2

the concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and, in most cases, cured, often through treatment in a hospital

Question 3

epigenetics

Answer 3

the study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change.

Question 4

DSM-5

Answer 4

the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition; a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders

Question 5

anxiety disorders

Answer 5

psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety

Question 6

generalized anxiety disorder

Answer 6

an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal.

Question 7

panic disorder

Answer 7

an anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable, minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations. Often followed by worry over a possible next attack

Question 8

phobia

Answer 8

an anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation.

Question 9

obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

Answer 9

a disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions), actions (compulsions), or both.

Question 10

posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

Answer 10

a disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience.

Question 11

major depressive disorder

Answer 11

a disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or another medical condition, two or more weeks with five or more symptoms, at least one of which must be either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure.

Question 12

mania

Answer 12

a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state in which dangerously poor judgment is common.

Question 13

bipolar disorder

Answer 13

a disorder in which a person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania. (Formerly called manic-depressive disorder.)

Question 14

rumination

Answer 14

compulsive fretting; overthinking about our problems and their causes.

Question 15

schizophrenia

Answer 15

a psychological disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/ or diminished, inappropriate emotional expression.

Question 16

delusion

Answer 16

a false belief, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders.

Question 17

chronic schizophrenia

Answer 17

(also called process schizophrenia) a form of schizophrenia in which symptoms usually appear by late adolescence or early adulthood. As people age, psychotic episodes last longer and recovery periods shorten

Question 18

acute schizophrenia (also called reactive schizophrenia) a form of schizophrenia that can begin at any age, frequently occurs in response to an emotionally traumatic event, and has extended recovery periods.

Answer 18

(also called reactive schizophrenia) a form of schizophrenia that can begin at any age, frequently occurs in response to an emotionally traumatic event, and has extended recovery periods.

Question 19

dissociative disorders

Answer 19

controversial, rare disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings.

Question 20

dissociative identity disorder (DID)

Answer 20

a rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. Formerly called multiple personality disorder.

Question 21

personality disorders

Answer 21

inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning.

Question 22

antisocial personality disorder

Answer 22

a personality disorder in which a person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members; may be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist.

Question 23

anorexia nervosa

Answer 23

an eating disorder in which a person (usually an adolescent female) maintains a starvation diet despite being significantly underweight; sometimes accompanied by excessive exercise.

Question 24

bulimia nervosa

Answer 24

an eating disorder in which a person alternates binge eating (usually of high-calorie foods) with purging (by vomiting or laxative use) or fasting

Question 25

binge-eating disorder

Answer 25

significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory purging or fasting that marks bulimia nervosa.

Question 26

Mirroring need

Answer 26

need for acceptance, confirmation from others

Question 27

Idealizing need

Answer 27

need for powerful, competent others