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DAT - Biology > Chapter 15 - Urinary System > Flashcards

Chapter 15 - Urinary System Flashcards

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1
Q

Define excretion:

A

The removal of metabolic wastes produced in the body

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2
Q

What produces CO2 and H2O?

A

Aerobic respiration

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3
Q

What produces nitrogenous wastes (i.e. urea and ammonia)?

A

Deamination of amino acids in the liver

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4
Q

Define elimination:

A

The removal of indigestible material

- Ex. Dietary fiber

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5
Q

What are the principal organs of excretion?

A

1) Lungs
2) Liver
3) Skin
4) Kidneys

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6
Q

How does excretion occur in the lungs?

A

CO2 and H2O vapour diffuse through blood and are exhaled

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7
Q

How does excretion occur from the skin?

A

Sweat glands in the skin excrete water and dissolved salts

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8
Q

How does excretion occur in the liver and kidney?

A

Processes nitrogenous wastes, hemoglobin, and other chemicals for excretion

  • Urea is produced by deamination of amino acids in the liver and diffuses into the blood for ultimate excretion in the kidneys
  • Kidneys function to maintain osmolarity of blood, excrete waste product/toxic chemicals, and conserve glucose, salt, and water
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9
Q

What role do bile salts have during excretion?

A

Bile salts are excreted as bile and pass with the feces

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10
Q

What is the function of the kidneys?

A

Regulate concentration of salt and water in the blood through formation and excretion of urine

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11
Q

What is the kidney composed of?

A

~1 million units called nephrons

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12
Q

What 3 regions is the kidney divided into?

A

1) Outer cortex
2) Medulla
3) Renal pelvis

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13
Q

What does a nephron consist of?

A

1) Bowman’s Capsule: Embraces capillary bed (glomerulus) that leads to a long, coiled tubule
2) Proximal Convoluted Tubule
3) Loop of Henle
4) Distal Convoluted Tubule
5) Collecting Duct

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14
Q

What part of the nephron runs through the medulla?

A

Loop of Henle & Collecting Duct

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15
Q

What part of the nephron runs through the cortex?

A

Bowman’s Capsule & Convoluted Tubules

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16
Q

Describe the flow of urine:

A
  • Urine in collecting tubules flows into the pelvis of kidney, a funnel-like region the opens into the ureter
  • Ureters from kidney empty into urinary bladder where urine collects until expelled by the urethra
17
Q

What is most of the nephron surrounded by?

A

Complex peritubular capillary network that facilitates reabsorption of amino acids, glucose, salts, and water

18
Q

What are the 3 processes of urine formation?

A

1) Filration
- BP forces 20% of blood plasma entering glomerulus through capillary walls into the Bowman’s Capsule (filtrate)
- Filtrate is isotonic with blood plasma
- Particles too large remain in the circulatory system
- Filtration is passive driven by hydrostatic pressure of blood; High BP results in increased hydrostatic pressure which exerts pressure on kidney tissue, and may lead to kidney damage

2) Secretion
- Wastes are secreted from IF into filtrate via passive and active transport

3) Reabsorption
- Essential substances and water are reabsorbed from filtrate and returned to blood
- Occurs mainly in proximal convoluted tubule (active)
- Movement of these molecules is accompanied by passive movement of water because water follows solute
- (Results in concentrated urine (hypertonic to blood)

19
Q

How does the nephron function?

A

Through selective permeability of the walls and maintenance of an osmolarity gradient
- Ability to regulate balance of salt and water in the body

20
Q

What is the primary function of the nephron?

A

Clean blood plasma of unwanted substances as the filtrate passes through the kidney

21
Q

What is the primary site of nutrient reabsorption?

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

22
Q

What is the primary site for regulation of water, sodium, and potassium?

A

Loop of Henle & Collecting Duct

23
Q

What is the major site for secretion of substances into the filtrate?

A

Distal convoluted tubule

24
Q

Describe the descending loop of Henle:

A
  • Permeable to water but not to ions or urea
25
Q

Describe the thin ascending loop of Henle:

A
  • Impermeable to water but permeable to ions
26
Q

Describe the thick ascending loop of Henle:

A
  • Sodium, potassium, and chloride are reabsorbed from the urine
27
Q

How is concentrated urine produced?

- What does it depend on?

A

Establishment of osmolarity gradient between tubules and IF fluid

  • Exiting and re-entering, different segments of the nephron Na/Cl, create osmolarity gradient in which tissue osmolarity increasing from the cortex to the inner medulla
  • Counter-current-multiplier system
28
Q

What does the counter-current-multiplier system do?

A

Causes IF space in medulla of kidney to be hyperosmolar with respect to dilute filtrate flowing through renal tubule

  • Filtrate travels down collecting ducts, water flows from ducts to IF through osmosis
  • Water returns to systemic circulation via capillaries in medulla
  • Reabsorption of water here permits concentration of urine, depends on permeability of collecting ducts to water
29
Q

What regulates permeability? How?

A

Anti-diuretic Hormone (ADH)

  • I.e. Vasopressin
  • Increases permeability of collecting duct to water, allowing more water to be absorbed and more concentrated urine to be formed
30
Q

What happens if people have access ADH?

A

Retain too much fluid

31
Q

What is aldosterone?

  • What does it result in (urine)?
  • What does it result in (water)?
A

A steroid hormone that causes increased transport for Na and K ions along the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct

  • Results in a decreased excretion of Na and increased excretion of K ions in the urine
  • Results in increased water reabsorption because water flows to area of higher solute concentration via osmosis
32
Q

Does aldosterone affect renal blood flow?

A

No

33
Q

Does ADH have the same affect as aldosterone on water? Explain.

A

Yes
- However, ADH directly affects water absorption by distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct which opens aquaporins in these structures allowing water to be reabsorbed readily

34
Q

What can both ADH and aldosterone do? What does it allow?

A

Decrease in urine output and increase in blood pressure

- Allows for body to compensate during period of dehydration or causes of low BP

35
Q

What are diuretics?

A

Drugs that target different parts of the kidneys to cause an increase in urine production

36
Q

What is the pH of the body?

A

7.4

37
Q

How is pH maintained in the body?

A

Removal of CO2 via lungs and H-ions via kidney

38
Q

What are 3 pH assessment tests?

A

1) Arterial pH
2) Arterial pressure of P-CO2
3) Plasma bicarbonate (HCO3)

39
Q

What are 2 acid-base disorders?

A

1) Respiratory: Affects blood acidity causing changes in P-CO2
2) Metabolic: Affects blood acidity by causing changes in HCO3

DAT - Biology (16 decks)

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