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A&P 1 > Chapter 15 - Special Senses > Flashcards

Chapter 15 - Special Senses Flashcards

1
Q

What do the special senses include?

A

Olfaction, Taste, Vision, Hearing, and Balance

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2
Q

What lobe is for taste?

A

Insula lobe

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3
Q

What lobe is for smell?

A

Temporal lobe

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4
Q

What lobe is for hearing?

A

Temporal lobe

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5
Q

What lobe is for equillibrium?

A

Medula Oblongata

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6
Q

What lobe is for vision?

A

Occipital lobe

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7
Q

What are the distinct receptors cells localized in the head region?

A

Special sensory receptors

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8
Q

How much percent of the body’s sensory receptors are in the eye?

A

70%

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9
Q

How much of the cerebral cortex is involved in visual processing?

A

Half

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10
Q

What is olfaction?

A

Sense of smell

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11
Q

What cranial nerve is it?

A

Cranial Nerve #1

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12
Q

Where are the olfactory receptors found?

A

Superior nasal cavity

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13
Q

How many olfactory neurons are there?

A

10 Million

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14
Q

What the olfactory hairs?

A

Cilia of olfactory neurons embedded in mucus

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15
Q

What dissolves in mucus?

A

Odorant molecules

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16
Q

What do we need for the olfactory hairs to bind, and what kind of receptor is it?

A

Molecules and chemical

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17
Q

How long do olfactory neurons replace?

A

Every 2 months

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18
Q

What do olfactory receptors respond to and how much does it provide of taste?

A

Chemicals dissolved in liquids and smell provides 75-80% of sense of taste

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19
Q

Olfactory organs are what kind of neurons?

A

Bi-polar neurons

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20
Q

What two sensories have bi-polar neurons?

A

Smell and sight

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21
Q

What is the pathway for smell?

A

Depolarize the receptor
Olfactory nerves synapsis with olfactory bulbs
Signal continues travels through olfactory tracts
Then through the Limbic system to olfactory cortex (for interpretation)
Olfactory bulbs begin to analyze sensory impulses
Ends/terminates in the Temporal lobe

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22
Q

What is smell associated with?

A

Memory

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23
Q

What is sensory adaptation?

A

Nose blindness
(Used as a protective mechanism and can drop 50% within 1 second)

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24
Q

What receptors are the only ones in direct contact with the enviroment?

A

Smell

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25
Q

What is the hypothesis on smells?

A

Each receptor contains only one type of binding protein (proteins can act as receptors) which can bind several types of odorants (molecules)

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26
Q

What does the brain interpret binding as?

A

Olfactory code

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27
Q

What is the Olfactory code?

A

A specific code that triggers the pattern for certain smells

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28
Q

What is gustation?

A

Sense of taste

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29
Q

Describe the taste bud?

A

The organs of taste gustatory hairs extending into taste pores

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30
Q

What are the four types of papillae?

A

Filiform, Vallate, Foliate, and Fungiform

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31
Q

What is the papillae that doesn’t have taste buds?

A

Filiform

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32
Q

Describe Filiform papillae.

A

Spikey in texture, filament shaped

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33
Q

What papillae is at the back of the tongue and forms a ‘V’, how many are there, and has taste buds?

A

Vallate and 8-12

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34
Q

What papillae is leaf or flower shaped on the side of the tongue and are the most sensitive?

A

Foliate (Flower) (Has taste buds)

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35
Q

What papillae is mushroom shaped?

A

Fungiform (Fungus)
(Small red dots interspersed among the Filiform)

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36
Q

What are the basic taste sensations?

A

Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, and Umami

-Sweet - Sugar and alcohol
-Sour - Hydrogen ions (pH)
-Salty - Metal, sodium chloride
-Bitter - Opposite of sour (Alkaloid/low concentration of Hydrogen)
-Umami - Amino acids (make proteins/meat)

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37
Q

What does spicy food activate?

A

Pain receptors (Nociceptors)

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38
Q

What percent of smell does taste rely on?

A

80%

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39
Q

How many cranial nerves carry taste impulses from the tongue to the brain?

A

3

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40
Q

What are they and where are they located?

A

Facial Nerve (VII) - Tip of the tongue
Glossopharyngeal Nerve (IX) - Back of the tongue
Vagus Nerve (X) - Epiglottis/Pharynx (Throat)

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41
Q

Where does the cranial nerves conduct impulses to?

A

Medulla Oblongata (reflex/swallowing)

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42
Q

Where does it go after the Medulla Oblongata?

A

Thalamus

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43
Q

After the thalamus which lobe does it end in?

A

Insula (gustatory cortex)

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44
Q

What is the small sphere containing inner nerve layers?

A

Retina

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45
Q

What are the sensory receptors in the retina?

A

Photoreceptors (Deep inside)

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46
Q

What are the accessory structures?

A

Eyebrows - Shade; inhibit sweat
Eyelids - (Palpebrae) with conjunctiva, has tarsal glands that secrete oil onto eyelashes
Eyelashes - Double/triple row of hairs
Conjunctiva - Thin transplant mucus membrane

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47
Q

How many Extrinsic eye muscles are there?

A

Six

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48
Q

Where do the Extrinsic muscles originate and what do they attach to?

A

In the back and attach to the eye ball

49
Q

What are the four rectus muscles?

A

Superior rectus
Inferior rectus
Medial rectus
Lateral rectus

50
Q

What does the Superior rectus allow the eyeball to do?

A

Move the eyeball up

51
Q

What does the Inferior rectus allow the eyeball to do?

A

Move the eyeball down

52
Q

What does the Medial rectus allow the eyeball to do?

A

Move the eyeball to the middle

53
Q

What does the Lateral rectus allow the eye to do?

A

Move the eyeball to the side

54
Q

What two oblique muscles move the eye in a vertical plane and rotates?

A

Superior and Inferior oblique

55
Q

Where are tears produced?

A

Lacrimal gland located superior and lateral to the eye.

56
Q

Where to tears exit?

A

Lacrimal ducts

57
Q

Where are the excess tears collected?

A

Lacrimal canaliculi

58
Q

What does the lacrimal canaliculi open into?

A

Lacrimal sac

59
Q

Tears flow from the _________ through the __________________ into the nasal cavity.

A

Lacrimal sac, Nasolacrimal duct

60
Q

What is the antibacterial component of tears?

A

Lysozyme

61
Q

What is the little hole that goes into the canaliculi?

A

Punctum

62
Q

What is the division of the anterior and posterior chambers?

A

Iris (Color of your eye)

63
Q

What two cavities does the lens separate the eye into?

A

Anterior (in front of the lens) and Posterior (behind the lens) cavities

64
Q

What is the Vitrous chamber?

A

Contains thick vitrous fluid that pushes up against the 3 layers of the eye to keep it open

65
Q

What is the outer most layer of the eye?

A

Fibrous tunica

66
Q

What is the middle layer and what does it do for the eye?

A

Vascular tunica and supplies blood to the eye (Continuous with the optic nerve)

67
Q

What is the inner most layer and what it is known as?

A

Nervous tunica and the Retina

68
Q

What can be found behind the iris?

A

Aqueous fluid that is constantly being changed everyday

69
Q

The lens provides ____ percent and the cornea provides ___ percent to see.

A

90, 10

70
Q

What is the thick fibrous material that is continuous with the cornea?

A

Sclera

71
Q

Describe the Cornea.

A

Most anterior part, Transparent, Helps to focus light, Transmits and refracts light

72
Q

Describe the Sclera.

A

Most posterior part, White/opaque (keeps light out, Protects eyes/attaches muscles, Pierced by optic nerve and blood vessels.

73
Q

What does the Vascular tunica consist of?

A

Choroid coat - provides blood supply
Iris - Controls light entering eye
Ciliary body - Changes lens shape for focusing

74
Q

What type of cells is the lens made of?

A

Epithelial cells

75
Q

What is Accommodation?

A

A change in the shape of the lens, to view close objects.

76
Q

What happens when you are looking far away?

A

Your ciliary muscles are relaxed and pulls on the suspensory ligaments then flattens out the lens

77
Q

What happens when you are looking up close?

A

The ciliary body contracts and the suspensory ligaments relaxes then your lens get thicker.

78
Q

What is it called where the rays of light meet within the eye?

A

Focal point

79
Q

What is refraction?

A

Bending of light rays

80
Q

What is Visual acuity?

A

Ability to focus an image on the retina

81
Q

What is Myopia?

A

Nearsightedness; focal point in front of the retina
(Not able to reach the retina)
Corrected by concave lens

82
Q

What is Hyperopia?

A

Farsightedness; focal point behind the retina
Corrected by convex lens

83
Q

What is Presbyopia?

A

Increase in near point of vision due to age

84
Q

What is Astigmatism?

A

Elongated and not round, effecting the focal point.

85
Q

What is the Nervous tunica?

A

Pigmented layer and Neural layer

86
Q

What is the pigmented layer?

A

Single layer of cells
Filled with melanin
Reducing light scattering

87
Q

What is the Neural layer?

A

Photoreceptors (rods and cones)

88
Q

What is a rod?

A

Allows you to see in the dark
(Black and White)
Contains rhodopsin pigment
More sensitive than cones

89
Q

What is a cone?

A

Allow you to see in the light (Color vision)
Visual pigment is iodopsin (Responds to blue, red, and green light)

90
Q

______ helps you to see in the daytime and ______ help you see in the nighttime.

A

Cones, Rods

91
Q

What does the lens focus light on?

A

Macula and fovea centralis

92
Q

What is the Macula?

A

Small yellow spot

93
Q

What is the Fovea centralis?

A

Photoreceptor cells (mostly cones) tightly packed

94
Q

What is the optic disc?

A

Blind spot

95
Q

Describe a blind spot.

A

Area through which blood vessels enter the eye and are found where nerve fibers from retina leave the eye to become the optic nerve (Fine vision)

96
Q

What is the area that collects light?

A

Visual field

97
Q

What two areas of the eye refract light and project to the opposite side of the retina, causing the image to be upside down and reversed from left to right which stimulates the photoreceptors?

A

Cornea and lens

98
Q

What does the optic nerve connect to after exiting through the optic foramen?

A

Optic chiasm

99
Q

Which hemisphere has axons from both sides of the retina project both to the same side hemispheres and opposite sides of the hemisphere?

A

Both hemispheres receiving visual input from both eyes.

100
Q

Where do most optic tracts terminate?

A

Geniculate Nucleus of the Thalamus

101
Q

Where do some axons separate from the tract and travel through?

A

Superior Colliculi

102
Q

The fibers from the lateral geniculate form what?

A

Optic radiations

103
Q

Where do the optic radiations project to and where?

A

Visual cortex and Occipital lobe

104
Q

What is auditory?

A

Sense of hearing

105
Q

What is the organ of hearing?

A

Ear

106
Q

What are the three sections of the ear?

A

Outer/external ear, middle ear, inner/internal ear

107
Q

Describe the outer ear

A

Auricle (Pinnacle) - funnel-shaped that collects sound waves
External Acoustic meatus
Tympanic membrane (eardrum)

108
Q

Describe the middle ear

A

Auditory ossicles: malleus, incus, and stapes - amplify force of waves being transmitted
Oval window - opening in the wall of vestibule/stapes vibrates against it to move fluids in inner ear

109
Q

What is the Auditory (Eustachian) tube?

A

Connects middle ear to throat
Help maintain equal pressure on both sides of tympanic membraine

110
Q

The inner ear has what two types of labyrinths?

A

Osseous (bony) labyrinth (filled with perilymph fluid)
Membranous labyrinth (filled with endolymph fluid)

111
Q

What are the three parts of labyrinths?

A

Cochlea - Functions in hearing
Semicircular canals - Function in dynamic equilibrium
Vestibule - Functions in static equilibrium

112
Q

What is the Organ of Corti?

A

Organ for sense of hearing

113
Q

What are hearing receptor cells called?

A

Hair cells

114
Q

What do hair cells contain and what does it brush up against?

A

Stereocilia and tectorial membrane

115
Q

What is the pathway for the sense of hearing?

A

-Cochlear nerve synapses with CNS neurons in the medulla oblongata
-Neurons project through reflex pathways to dampen loud sounds
-Ascending neurons synapse in the inferior colliculi and then project through the thalamus
-Neurons terminate in the auditory cortex
-Neurons from the inferior colliculus also project to the superior colliculus
-This is where reflexes that turn the head and eyes in response to loud sounds are initiated

116
Q

What does the equilibrium rely on for balance?

A

Input from the inner ear, eyes, and stretch receptors

117
Q

What is the static labyrinth?

A

Controlled by utricle and saccule of the vestibule, evaluates position of head relative to gravity, detects linear acceleration and deceleration

118
Q

What is the dynamic labyrinth?

A

Controlled by crista ampullaris of the semicircular canals, evaluates movement of the head in three dimensional space

A&P 1 (1 decks)

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