Chapter 15 Sections 1 + 2

Question 1

Age of Reason

Answer 1

A movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions.

Question 2

Copernicus

Answer 2

Devised a model of the universe with the Sun at the center, and not earth.

Question 3

Heliocentric Theory

Answer 3

the idea that the earth and the other planets revolve around the sun.

Question 4

Ptolomy

Answer 4

ancient astronomer during the time of Rome, believed that the earth was the center of the solar system and the sun and planets revolved around it

Question 5

Geocentric Theory

Answer 5

in the Middle Ages, the earth-centered view of the universe in which scholars believed that the earth was an immovable object located at the center of the universe

Question 6

Johannes Kepler

Answer 6

German astronomer who first stated laws of planetary motion (1571-1630). Proved orbits are elliptical (oval) shaped.

Question 7

Galileo Galilei

Answer 7

This scientist proved Copernicus’ theory that the sun was the center of the solar system and developed the modern experimental method.

Question 8

Isaac Newton

Answer 8

English mathematician and scientist- invented differential calculus and formulated the theory of universal gravitation, a theory about the nature of light, and three laws of motion. was supposedly inspired by the sight of a falling apple.

Question 9

Vesalius

Answer 9

This was the scientist who began to study anatomy in depth. He is referred as the father of anatomy

Question 10

Paraclesus

Answer 10

The Swiss-born physician who is known for emphasizing chemical treatments for illness

Question 11

William Harvey

Answer 11

English physician and scientist who described the circulation of the blood

Question 12

Edward Jenner

Answer 12

Developed a vaccine for smallpox in 1796

Question 13

Robert Boyle

Answer 13

Irish chemist who established that air has weight and whose definitions of chemical elements and chemical reactions helped to dissociate chemistry from alchemy (1627-1691)

Question 14

Joseph Priestly

Answer 14

Discovered many gasses; created carbonated beverages.

Question 15

Antoine Lavoisier

Answer 15

“Father of Modern Chemistry” who named oxygen and described its role in combustion

Question 16

Effects of the Scientific Revolution

Answer 16

-beginnings of modern science
-belief in progress and the power of reason
-new view of the universe as a well-ordered system

Question 17

Enlightenment

Answer 17

A philosophical movement which started in Europe in the 1700’s and spread to the colonies. It emphasized reason and the scientific method. Writers of the enlightenment tended to focus on government, ethics, and science, rather than on imagination, emotions, or religion. Many members of the Enlightenment rejected traditional religious beliefs in favor of Deism, which holds that the world is run by natural laws without the direct intervention of God.

Question 18

Rationalism

Answer 18

belief in reason and logic as the primary source of knowledge

Question 19

Francis Bacon

Answer 19

Questioned all existing knowledge; developed the inductive method based on observation and experimentation.

Question 20

inductive reasoning

Answer 20

a process of making numerous observations until one feels confident in drawing generalizations and predictions from them

Question 21

Rene Descartes

Answer 21

17th century French philosopher:1st principle “I think therefore I am”; believed mind and matter were completely separate; known as father of modern rationalism

Question 22

deductive reasoning

Answer 22

reasoning in which a conclusion is reached by stating a general principle and then applying that principle to a specific case (The sun rises every morning; therefore, the sun will rise on Tuesday morning.)

Question 23

Dualism

Answer 23

mind and body are separate

Question 24

Baruch Spinoza

Answer 24

Believed that God had no existence apart from the world, that everything was itself an aspect of God.

Question 25

Panthiesm

Answer 25

the idea that nature is god

Question 26

Philosophes

Answer 26

A group of French “radicals” who focused on human reason and making critical changes in society; believed in a secular society, religious toleration, freedom of speech, and the natural rights of all people.

Question 27

John Locke

Answer 27

17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property.

Question 28

Montesquieu

Answer 28

French political philosopher who advocated the separation of executive and legislative and judicial powers (1689-1755)

Question 29

Voltaire

Answer 29

(1694-1778) French philosopher. He believed that freedom of speech was the best weapon against bad government. He also spoke out against the corruption of the French government, and the intolerance of the Catholic Church.

Question 30

Rousseau

Answer 30

believed people in their natural state were basically good but that they were corrupted by the evils of society, especially the uneven distribution of property, Father of Romanticism, valued emotion over logic, and favored democracy over representative government.