Chapter 15 Sections 1 + 2 Flashcards
Age of Reason
A movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions.
Copernicus
Devised a model of the universe with the Sun at the center, and not earth.
Heliocentric Theory
the idea that the earth and the other planets revolve around the sun.
Ptolomy
ancient astronomer during the time of Rome, believed that the earth was the center of the solar system and the sun and planets revolved around it
Geocentric Theory
in the Middle Ages, the earth-centered view of the universe in which scholars believed that the earth was an immovable object located at the center of the universe
Johannes Kepler
German astronomer who first stated laws of planetary motion (1571-1630). Proved orbits are elliptical (oval) shaped.
Galileo Galilei
This scientist proved Copernicus’ theory that the sun was the center of the solar system and developed the modern experimental method.
Isaac Newton
English mathematician and scientist- invented differential calculus and formulated the theory of universal gravitation, a theory about the nature of light, and three laws of motion. was supposedly inspired by the sight of a falling apple.
Vesalius
This was the scientist who began to study anatomy in depth. He is referred as the father of anatomy
Paraclesus
The Swiss-born physician who is known for emphasizing chemical treatments for illness
William Harvey
English physician and scientist who described the circulation of the blood
Edward Jenner
Developed a vaccine for smallpox in 1796
Robert Boyle
Irish chemist who established that air has weight and whose definitions of chemical elements and chemical reactions helped to dissociate chemistry from alchemy (1627-1691)
Joseph Priestly
Discovered many gasses; created carbonated beverages.
Antoine Lavoisier
“Father of Modern Chemistry” who named oxygen and described its role in combustion
Effects of the Scientific Revolution
-beginnings of modern science
-belief in progress and the power of reason
-new view of the universe as a well-ordered system
Enlightenment
A philosophical movement which started in Europe in the 1700’s and spread to the colonies. It emphasized reason and the scientific method. Writers of the enlightenment tended to focus on government, ethics, and science, rather than on imagination, emotions, or religion. Many members of the Enlightenment rejected traditional religious beliefs in favor of Deism, which holds that the world is run by natural laws without the direct intervention of God.
Rationalism
belief in reason and logic as the primary source of knowledge
Francis Bacon
Questioned all existing knowledge; developed the inductive method based on observation and experimentation.
inductive reasoning
a process of making numerous observations until one feels confident in drawing generalizations and predictions from them
Rene Descartes
17th century French philosopher:1st principle “I think therefore I am”; believed mind and matter were completely separate; known as father of modern rationalism
deductive reasoning
reasoning in which a conclusion is reached by stating a general principle and then applying that principle to a specific case (The sun rises every morning; therefore, the sun will rise on Tuesday morning.)
Dualism
mind and body are separate
Baruch Spinoza
Believed that God had no existence apart from the world, that everything was itself an aspect of God.
Panthiesm
the idea that nature is god
Philosophes
A group of French “radicals” who focused on human reason and making critical changes in society; believed in a secular society, religious toleration, freedom of speech, and the natural rights of all people.
John Locke
17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property.
Montesquieu
French political philosopher who advocated the separation of executive and legislative and judicial powers (1689-1755)
Voltaire
(1694-1778) French philosopher. He believed that freedom of speech was the best weapon against bad government. He also spoke out against the corruption of the French government, and the intolerance of the Catholic Church.
Rousseau
believed people in their natural state were basically good but that they were corrupted by the evils of society, especially the uneven distribution of property, Father of Romanticism, valued emotion over logic, and favored democracy over representative government.
