Chapter 15 review questions Flashcards
Level one reviewing
The first priority of blood pressure homeostasis is to maintain adequate perfusion to which two organs?
brain and heart
Match the types of systemic blood vessels with the terms that describe them. Each vessel type may have more than one match, and matching items may be used more than once.
a. arterioles
b. arteries
c. capillaries
d. veins
e. venules
- store pressure generated by the heart
- have walls that are both stiff and elastic
- carry low-oxygen blood
- have thin walls of exchange epithelium
- act as a volume reservoir
- their diameter can be altered by neural input
- blood flow slowest through these vessels
- have lowest blood pressure
- are the main site of variable resistance
(a) 6, 9; (b) 1, 2; (c) 4, 7; (d) 3, 5, 6, 8; (e) 3, 4
List the four tissue components of blood vessel walls, in order from inner lining to outer covering. Briefly describe the importance of each tissue.
endothelium (capillary exchange and paracrine secretion); elastic tissue (recoil); smooth muscle (contraction); fibrous connective tissue (resistance to stretch).
Blood flow to individual tissues is regulated by selective vasoconstriction and vasodilation of which vessels?
arterioles
Aortic pressure reaches a typical high value of (give both numeric value and units) during , or contraction of the heart. As the heart relaxes during the event , aortic pressure declines to a typical low value of . This blood pressure reading would be written as / .
120 mm Hg; systole; diastole; 80 mm Hg; 120/80
The rapid pressure increase that occurs when the left ventricle pushes blood into the aorta can be felt as a pressure wave, or . What is the equation used to calculate the strength of this pressure wave?
pulse. pulse pressure = systolic P - diastolic P.
List the factors that aid venous return to the heart.
One-way valves in the veins, skeletal muscle pump, and low pressure in the thorax during breathing
What is hypertension, and why is it a threat to a person’s health?
Elevated blood pressure can cause a weakened blood vessel to rupture and bleed.
When measuring a person’s blood pressure, at what point in the procedure are you likely to hear Korotkoff sounds?
Korotkoff sounds occur when cuff pressure is lower than systolic pressure but higher than diastolic pressure.
List three paracrine molecules that cause vasodilation. What is the source of each one? In addition to paracrine signals, list two other ways to control smooth muscle contraction in arterioles.
See Tbl. 15.2. Sympathetic neurons
vasoconstrict, and epinephrine on
beta2-receptors in certain organs vasodilates.
What is hyperemia? How does active hyperemia differ from reactive hyperemia?
A region of increased blood flow. Active—increased blood flow is in response to an increase in metabolism. Reactive—increase in flow follows a period of decreased blood flow.
Most systemic arterioles are innervated by the branch of the nervous system. Increased sympathetic input will have what effect on arteriole diameter?
Sympathetic innervation causes vasoconstriction.
Match each event in the left column with all appropriate neurotransmitter(s) and receptor(s) from the list on the right.
a. vasoconstriction of intestinal arterioles
b. vasodilation of coronary arterioles
c. increased heart rate
d. decreased heart rate
e. vasoconstriction of coronary arterioles
- norepinephrine
- epinephrine
- acetylcholine
- beta1-receptor
- alpha-receptor
- beta2-receptor
- nicotinic receptor
- muscarinic receptor
(a) 1, 5; (b) 2, 6; (c) 1, 2, 4; (d) 3, 8; (e) none of the above
Which organs receive more than two-thirds of the cardiac output at rest? Which organs have the highest flow of blood on a per unit weight basis?
Digestive tract, liver, kidneys, and skeletal muscles. Kidneys have the highest flow on a per unit weight basis.
By looking at the density of capillaries in a tissue, you can make assumptions about what property of the tissue? Which tissue has the lowest capillary density? Which tissue has the highest?
Capillary density is proportional to the tissue’s metabolic rate. Cartilage—lowest; muscles and glands—highest.