Chapter 15 - Nonspecific Host Defense Mechanisms (MATERIAL)

Question 1

[End of Chapter] Host defense mechanisms - ways in which the body protects itself from pathogens - can be though of as an army consisting of how many lines of defense?

a) two
b) three
c) four
d) five

Answer 1

b) Three

Question 2

[End of Chapter] Which of the following is not part of the body’s first line of defense?

a) fever
b) intact skin
c) mucus
d) pH of the stomach contents

Answer 2

a) fever

Question 3

[End of Chapter] Each of the following is considered a part of the body’s second line of defense except:

a) fever
b) inflammation
c) interferons
d) lysozyme

Answer 3

d) lysozyme

Question 4

[End of Chapter] Which of the following is not a consequence of activation of the complement system?

a) attraction and activation of leukocytes
b) increased phagocytosis by phagocytic cells (opsonization)
c) lysis of bacteria and other foreign cells
d) repair of damaged tissue

Answer 4

d) repair of damaged tissue

Question 5

[End of Chapter] Each of the following is a primary purpose of the inflammatory response except:

a) to localize the infection
b) to neutralize any toxins being produced at the site
c) to prevent the spread of microbial invaders
d) to stimulate the production of opsonins

Answer 5

d) to stimulate the production of opsonins

Question 6

[End of Chapter] Which of the following cells is a granulocyte?

a) eosinophil
b) lymphocyte
c) macrophage
d) monocyte

Answer 6

a) eosinophil

Question 7

[End of Chapter] All the following would be considered an aspect of microbial antagonism except:

a) competition for nutrients
b) competition for space
c) production of bacteriocins
d) production of lysozyme

Answer 7

d) production of lysozyme

Question 8

[End of Chapter] Which of the following function as opsonins?

a) antibodies
b) antigens
c) complement fragments
d) a and c

Answer 8

d) a and c

Question 9

[End of Chapter] Which of the following statements about interferons is false?

a) interferons are virus-specific
b) interferons have been used to treat Hep C and certain types of cancer
c) interferons produced by a virus-infected cell will not save that cell from destruction
d) interferons produced by virus-infected rabbit cells cannot be used to treat viral diseases in humans

Answer 9

a) interferons are virus-specific

Question 10

[End of Chapter] Which of the following is not one of the four cardinal signs or symptoms of inflammation?

a) edema
b) heat
c) loss of function
d) redness

Answer 10

c) loss of function

Question 11

What is another name for Non-specific defense mechanism

Answer 11

Innate or inborn

Question 12

Name three components of 1st line of defense.

Answer 12

Skin, mucous, perspiration, GI tract, urinary tract

Question 13

Why do we call it the 1st line of defense?

Answer 13

Because it’s the first thing foreign substances would come into contact with

Question 14

Give the term used to describe the killing or inhibition of one microbe by substance produced by another.

Answer 14

Microbial antagonism

Question 15

List 4 components of 2nd line of defense.

Answer 15

Transferrin, fever, interferons, complement, acute phase proteins, cytokines, inflammation, phagocytosis

Question 16

List three signs of inflammation

Answer 16

Redness, swelling, warmth

Question 17

Name 4 organisms that can survive in macrophages

Answer 17

Rickettsia rickettsii = causes Rocky Mountain spotted fever
Legionella pneumophila = legionaries disease (pneumonia-like disease)
Brucella abortis = causes abortion in cattle
Coxiella burnetii = causes Q fever
Listeria monocytogenes = foodborne illness (causes listeria)
Salmonella sp. = foodborne (raw eggs, raw chicken)

Question 18

What kind of fatty acid is toxic to pathogens?

Answer 18

Oily sebum

Question 19

Why are there fewer infections in the respiratory tract?

Answer 19

Mucus – has lysozymes, lactoferrins and lactoperoxidase&raquo_space; can kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria. Mucosal cells divide rapidly. So they are constantly being replaced. Lots of these cells are in the respiratory tract-therefore, very few infections.

Question 20

Are all host defense mechanisms non-specific?

Answer 20

No: specific

Question 21

Explain complement system

Answer 21

Part of the second line of defense. It’s a group of ~30 proteins found in normal blood plasma. It is complementary to the action of the immune system. Initiation and amplification of inflammation, attraction of phagocytes to sites where they’re needed, activation of leukocytes, lysis of bacteria and other foreign cells, increased phagocytosis by phagocytic cells (opsonization)

Question 22

What is important about interferons?

Answer 22

Species specific. Used to treat viral infections (Hep C). Small antiviral proteins produced by virus-infected cells. Interfere with viral replication. They are not virus specific. Effective against a variety of viruses. They are species specific. They work only in the species of animal that produced them.

Question 23

What is vasodilation? Why does it occur during inflammation?

Answer 23

Dilation of the blood vessels to increase blood flow to the site. Allows WBC to accumulate

Question 24

What are the purpose of inflammatory response?

Answer 24

Localizes the infection
Prevents the spread of the microorganisms
Neutralizes any toxins produced
Helps in the repair of damaged tissues

Question 25

What is edema?

Answer 25

swelling, usually associated with inflammatory response. Collection of fluid

Question 26

Name three granulocytes

Answer 26

Basophil, neutrophil, eosinophil

Question 27

Name three Leukocytes

Answer 27

Monocyte, granulocyte, lymphocyte

Question 28

What are the steps of phagocytosis?

Answer 28

Chemotaxis – phagocytes are attracted by chemotactic agents to the site where they are needed
Attachment – a phagocyte attaches to an object
Ingestion – pseudopodia surround the object, and it is taken into the cell
Digestion – the object is broken down and dissolved by digestive enzymes and other mechanisms

Question 29

How can pathogens escape phagocytosis?

Answer 29

Waxes, capsules, exoenzymes

Question 30

What organisms multiply in the macrophages?

Answer 30

M. tuberculosis

Question 31

What does Coxiella burnetii cause?

Answer 31

Q fever