Chapter 15 - Nonspecific Host Defense Mechanisms (MATERIAL) Flashcards
[End of Chapter] Host defense mechanisms - ways in which the body protects itself from pathogens - can be though of as an army consisting of how many lines of defense?
a) two
b) three
c) four
d) five
b) Three
[End of Chapter] Which of the following is not part of the body’s first line of defense?
a) fever
b) intact skin
c) mucus
d) pH of the stomach contents
a) fever
[End of Chapter] Each of the following is considered a part of the body’s second line of defense except:
a) fever
b) inflammation
c) interferons
d) lysozyme
d) lysozyme
[End of Chapter] Which of the following is not a consequence of activation of the complement system?
a) attraction and activation of leukocytes
b) increased phagocytosis by phagocytic cells (opsonization)
c) lysis of bacteria and other foreign cells
d) repair of damaged tissue
d) repair of damaged tissue
[End of Chapter] Each of the following is a primary purpose of the inflammatory response except:
a) to localize the infection
b) to neutralize any toxins being produced at the site
c) to prevent the spread of microbial invaders
d) to stimulate the production of opsonins
d) to stimulate the production of opsonins
[End of Chapter] Which of the following cells is a granulocyte?
a) eosinophil
b) lymphocyte
c) macrophage
d) monocyte
a) eosinophil
[End of Chapter] All the following would be considered an aspect of microbial antagonism except:
a) competition for nutrients
b) competition for space
c) production of bacteriocins
d) production of lysozyme
d) production of lysozyme
[End of Chapter] Which of the following function as opsonins?
a) antibodies
b) antigens
c) complement fragments
d) a and c
d) a and c
[End of Chapter] Which of the following statements about interferons is false?
a) interferons are virus-specific
b) interferons have been used to treat Hep C and certain types of cancer
c) interferons produced by a virus-infected cell will not save that cell from destruction
d) interferons produced by virus-infected rabbit cells cannot be used to treat viral diseases in humans
a) interferons are virus-specific
[End of Chapter] Which of the following is not one of the four cardinal signs or symptoms of inflammation?
a) edema
b) heat
c) loss of function
d) redness
c) loss of function
What is another name for Non-specific defense mechanism
Innate or inborn
Name three components of 1st line of defense.
Skin, mucous, perspiration, GI tract, urinary tract
Why do we call it the 1st line of defense?
Because it’s the first thing foreign substances would come into contact with
Give the term used to describe the killing or inhibition of one microbe by substance produced by another.
Microbial antagonism
List 4 components of 2nd line of defense.
Transferrin, fever, interferons, complement, acute phase proteins, cytokines, inflammation, phagocytosis
List three signs of inflammation
Redness, swelling, warmth
Name 4 organisms that can survive in macrophages
Rickettsia rickettsii = causes Rocky Mountain spotted fever
Legionella pneumophila = legionaries disease (pneumonia-like disease)
Brucella abortis = causes abortion in cattle
Coxiella burnetii = causes Q fever
Listeria monocytogenes = foodborne illness (causes listeria)
Salmonella sp. = foodborne (raw eggs, raw chicken)
What kind of fatty acid is toxic to pathogens?
Oily sebum
Why are there fewer infections in the respiratory tract?
Mucus – has lysozymes, lactoferrins and lactoperoxidase»_space; can kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria. Mucosal cells divide rapidly. So they are constantly being replaced. Lots of these cells are in the respiratory tract-therefore, very few infections.
Are all host defense mechanisms non-specific?
No: specific
Explain complement system
Part of the second line of defense. It’s a group of ~30 proteins found in normal blood plasma. It is complementary to the action of the immune system. Initiation and amplification of inflammation, attraction of phagocytes to sites where they’re needed, activation of leukocytes, lysis of bacteria and other foreign cells, increased phagocytosis by phagocytic cells (opsonization)
What is important about interferons?
Species specific. Used to treat viral infections (Hep C). Small antiviral proteins produced by virus-infected cells. Interfere with viral replication. They are not virus specific. Effective against a variety of viruses. They are species specific. They work only in the species of animal that produced them.
What is vasodilation? Why does it occur during inflammation?
Dilation of the blood vessels to increase blood flow to the site. Allows WBC to accumulate
What are the purpose of inflammatory response?
Localizes the infection
Prevents the spread of the microorganisms
Neutralizes any toxins produced
Helps in the repair of damaged tissues
What is edema?
swelling, usually associated with inflammatory response. Collection of fluid
Name three granulocytes
Basophil, neutrophil, eosinophil
Name three Leukocytes
Monocyte, granulocyte, lymphocyte
What are the steps of phagocytosis?
Chemotaxis – phagocytes are attracted by chemotactic agents to the site where they are needed
Attachment – a phagocyte attaches to an object
Ingestion – pseudopodia surround the object, and it is taken into the cell
Digestion – the object is broken down and dissolved by digestive enzymes and other mechanisms
How can pathogens escape phagocytosis?
Waxes, capsules, exoenzymes
What organisms multiply in the macrophages?
M. tuberculosis
What does Coxiella burnetii cause?
Q fever
