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Anatomy 1 > Chapter 15: Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 15: Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What are two major divisions of nervous system?

A
  1. Central Nervous System (CNS)
  2. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
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2
Q

What is CNS?

A

Nervous system in brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

What is PNS?

A

Nerves that connect the brain and spinal cord with muscles, glands, and sense organs

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4
Q

What is the basic cell type for both CNS and PNS?

A

Neurons

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5
Q

What is somatic nervous system

A

Voluntary control of movements

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6
Q

What do afferent neurons do?

A

Afferent neurons bring signals from peripheral receptors to the CNS

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7
Q

What do efferent neurons do?

A

Efferent neurons bring signals from the CNS to the skeletal muscle fibres

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8
Q

What is autonomic nervous system?

A

Involuntary control of smooth and cardiac muscle and glands

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9
Q

What does autonomic nervous system work with?

A

It works with the endocrine system to maintain homeostasis

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10
Q

How many neurons does autonomic nervous system has?

A

Two neurons between the CNS and effector

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11
Q

What is the enteric nervous system?

A

Part of the autonomic nervous system that their neurons regulate the digestion

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12
Q

What does the Submocosal plexus do?

A

Submucosal plexus stimultaes secretions

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13
Q

What does the myenteric plexus do?

A

Myenteric plexus stimulates smooth muscle contractions

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14
Q

What is the plexus?

A

Plexus is the network of neurons and nerves that innervate a specific tissue, such as submucosal plexus in digestive system

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15
Q

What is the ganglion?

A

Group of cell bodies in a nerve, such as dorsal root ganglion bringing sensory information to the spinal cord

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16
Q

What are sensory receptors?

A

Sensory receptors detect specific sensory stimuli

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17
Q

What is the baroreceptor?

A

Receptor that detects stimulus of blood pressure

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18
Q

What is the proprioceptor?

A

Receptor that detects stimulus of body position

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19
Q

What is the nociceptor?

A

Receptor that detects stimulus of pain

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20
Q

Explain the sensory function

A

Sensory receptors detect internal and external stimuli and information is carried to the brain and spinal cord through cranial and spinal nerves

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21
Q

Explain the integrative function

A

Integrates sensory information by analyzing and storing some of it and by making decisions for appropriate responses

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22
Q

Explain the motor function

A

Elicitation of motor response in response to integrated sensory information activates effectors(muscle/glands)

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23
Q

What are two cells that nervous tissue contain?

A

Neuron and neurogila

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24
Q

What does neuron possess?

A

Electrical excitability

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25
Q

List 3 parts of nervous tissue

A
  1. Cell body 2. Dendrites 3. Axon
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26
Q

What does cell body contain?

A

Nucleus, cytoplasm, and typical organelles

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27
Q

What do dendrites do?

A

They receive or input parts of a neuron

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28
Q

What does axon do?

A

Conducting never impulses

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29
Q

List the parts of axon

A
  1. axon hillock 2. axon collaterals 3. axon terminals
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30
Q

What happens at axon hillock?

A

Nerve impulses begin at axon hillock

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31
Q

What happens at axon terminal?

A

Nerves terminate at axon terminal

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32
Q

What are synapses?

A

Microscopic space between the axon terminal and another neuron or cell
The point at which two neurons or a neuron and an effector cell communicate

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33
Q

What is a neuron?

A

A single cell in the nervous system

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34
Q

What is a nerve?

A

The nerve contains thousands of neurons that connect with specific tissue

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35
Q

What are glial cells?

A

cells that support the neurons in the CNS and PNS

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36
Q

List 3 types of neurons

A
  1. Multipolar
  2. Unipolar
  3. Bipolar
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37
Q

What are the multipolar neurons?

A

Motor neurons and interneurons

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38
Q

What is the unipolar neuron?

A

Sensory neurons

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39
Q

Where do bipolar neurons be found?

A

In the ear, retina, and olfactory area of brain

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40
Q

Explain astrocytes of glial cells-CNS

A

Astrocytes regulate extracellular fluid, Guide neuron growth during embryonic development, are Involved in the formation of the blood-brain barrier, store glycogen, and form scar tissue

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41
Q

Explain microglia of glial cells-CNS

A

Phagocytic immune cells
Migrate to infected areas Engulf pathogens and dead cells

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42
Q

Explain ependymal cells of glial cells-CNS

A

Ciliated and involved with the production of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
in brain ventricles

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43
Q

Explain Oligodendrocytes of glial cells-CNS

A

Make myelin, very fat content, protect and insulate axons

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44
Q

Explain glioma of glial cells-CNS

A

Brain tumors that are usually formed from glial cells

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45
Q

Explain satellite cells of glial cells-PNS

A

surround neuron bodies located in the PNS, similar to astrocytes in the CNS, and function to regulate extracellularfluid

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46
Q

Explain Schwann cells of glial cells-PNS

A

Surround and form myelin sheaths around the larger nerve fibres, Similar to oligodendrocytes in CNS

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46
Q

Explain Schwann cells of glial cells-PNS

A

Surround and form myelin sheaths around the larger nerve fibres, Similar to oligodendrocytes in CNS

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47
Q

What is the myelin sheath

A

Many-layered covering composed of lipid and protein
Protects axon, like insulation of an electrical wire
Increases the speed of nerve impulse conduction
And it is up to 100 layers of the myelin sheath

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48
Q

What are the nodes of Ranvier?

A

Gaps in the myelin sheath

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49
Q

What are clusters of neuronal cell bodies?

A

Ganglia(neural cell bodies in the PNS, nerves and spinal) and nucleus(neural cell bodies in the CNS)

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50
Q

What are bundles of axon?

A

Nerve and tract

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51
Q

What is white matter?

A

Primarily myelinated neurons
White colour imparted by myelin

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52
Q

What is gray matter?

A

Neuronal cell bodies
Dendrites
Unmyelinated axons
Axon terminals
Neuroglia
Grayish colour imparted bycellular organelles

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53
Q

What are ion concentration?

A

Different in the cytoplasm versus interstitial fluid

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54
Q

How is gradient of sodium and potassium ions maintained?

A

Gradient of sodium and potassium ions are maintained by the Na+/K+ pump

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55
Q

Is cytoplasm/inside of cell membrane positive or negative related to outside and what ions does cytoplasm have?

A

Cytoplasm is negative related to outside and cytoplasm has potassium ions

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56
Q

Is Interstitial fluid / Outside of cell membrane positive or negative related to inside and what ions does interstitial fluid have?

A

Interstitial fluid is positive related to inside and interstitial fluid has sodium and chloride ions

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57
Q

How much negative is inside of all cells

A

about -70mV

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58
Q

What does polarized mean for status of ions?

A

Polarized means negative inside compared to outside

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59
Q

What does depolarization mean for status of ions?

A

When Na+ (positive ions) move into the cell and becomes less negative, it is called depolarization

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60
Q

What do action potentials and graded potentials do?

A

Action potentials and graded potentials transmit electrical siganls by moving ions across the cell membrane which change their charge as well

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61
Q

Where do ions move cross?

A

Ions move cross the membrane using specific protein membrane channels

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62
Q

What channels do each ions use?

A

Each ions have their own specific channels, such as Na+ channel for Na+ ions

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63
Q

What causes the channels to open and let ions move in or out of the cell?

A

Voltage-gated and Chemically gated

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64
Q

What is voltage-gated?

A

opens when the membrane charge changes

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65
Q

What is Chemically gated (ligand-gated)?

A

opens because of the binding of a chemical or ligand, such as a neurotransmiKer or hormone

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66
Q

How is the speed of action potentials?

A

Action potentials are generally very rapid as brief as 1-4 milliseconds

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67
Q

What is excitability?

A

Ability to generate action potentials possessed by neurons, muscle cells, and some other types of cell

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68
Q

What kind of reponse is action potential?

A

Action potential is the all or none response as it is a large change in membrane potential

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69
Q

What is the charge of Resting membrane potential?

A

About -70 mV

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70
Q

What is the charge of Threshold level?

A

About -50mV, triggered by stimulus

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71
Q

What is the charge of Depolarization?

A

About +30mV, Na+ enter the cell

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72
Q

What is the charge of Repolarization?

A

About -70mv, K+ leaves the cell

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73
Q

What is the charge of hyperpolarization?

A

About -80mV, extra k+ leaves the cell

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74
Q

When does depolarization stop charging?

A

When it hits +30mV, it triggers inactivation of Na+ entering the cell

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75
Q

What happens when it’s at +30mV charge?

A

It stimulates k+ channel to open, k+ leaves the cell

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76
Q

What is refractory period?

A

The time sodium inactivation gate closes and that prevents further depolarization of the membrane

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77
Q

What happens during hyperpolarization phase?

A

Another action potential can occur, Only if stimulus is strong enough to reach threshold

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78
Q

What is the result of action potential?

A

Charge changes causing neurotransmitters to be released from axon terminal

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79
Q

What do neurotransmitters do after the action potentials occur?

A

The neurotransmitters signal molecules and stimulate the neurons and another muscle cell

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80
Q

What is the synapse?

A

Space between pre-synaptic neuron (axon terminal) and Post-synaptic neuron (dendrite)/Muscle cell (motor end plate)

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81
Q

Where are neurotransmitters?

A

Produced / stored in vesicles at axon terminal

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82
Q

When do voltage-gated calcium channels open?

A

When action potential reaches axon terminal

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83
Q

What happens when calcium from calcium channels enter the cell?

A

Calcium causes vesicles to bind to axon terminal membrane and release neurotransmitters = exocytosis

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84
Q

What does a synapse include?

A

Presynaptic neuron, Synaptic cleft, and Postsynaptic neuron

85
Q

What is presynaptic neuron?

A

The neuron sending the signal

86
Q

What is Synaptic cleft?

A

Tiny space between neurons

87
Q

What is Postsynaptic neuron?

A

The neuron receiving the signal

88
Q

What are graded potential?

A

Changes in membrane potenUal confined to a small region of the plasma membrane—usually dendrites

89
Q

What are various names given to the graded potential?

A

receptor potential, synaptic potential, and pacemaker potential

90
Q

What are two kinds of graded potential?

A

EPSP(excitatory post-synaptic potential) and IPSP(inhibitory post-synaptic potential)

91
Q

What is Tempolar summation?

A

More action potentials in same location in same time period

92
Q

What is spatial summation?

A

More action potentials affecting multiple areas of the post-synaptic neuron at the same time

93
Q

What is saltatory conduction?

A

Action potentials that occur in myelinated neurons

94
Q

Which part of axon has ion channels?

A

Nodes of ranvier

95
Q

What do nodes of ranvier do in the conduction?

A

They speed up the conduction down the axon

96
Q

What are the functions of spinal cord?

A
  1. Carry sensory(to brain) and motor(to nerves) information
  2. Spinal reflexes, get sensory from the spinal nervers and give motor to the spinal nerves
97
Q

Where are spinal cord located?

A

From foramen magnum to vertebrae L1 and L2

98
Q

Which parts is spinal cord protected from?

A

Spinal cord is protected by vertebrae, adipose tissue, spinal meninges, and cerebrospinal fluid

99
Q

What is dura mater of spinal meninges?

A

Outer meninges that is tough and single layered membrane deep to the epidural space

100
Q

What is Arachnoid mater?

A

Middle layer of the meninges, Collagen and elastic fibers resembles a spider’s web

101
Q

What is Subarachnoid space?

A

A space between the arachnoid mater and pia mater, Filled with cerebrospinal
fluid

102
Q

What is pia mater?

A

Delicate, transparent inner layer, Adheres to the surface of the spinal cord

103
Q

Where is spinal cord located?

A

Spinal cord is within vertebrae column and is central butterfly-shaped area of grey matter

104
Q

What does grey matter have?

A

Composed of interneurons
Cell bodies and dendrites of efferent neurons
Entering axons of afferent neurons
Glial cells

105
Q

What are two regions of grey matter?

A
  1. Toward back of body = Dorsal horns (Posterior)
  2. Toward front = ventral horns (Anterior)
106
Q

What is white matter that is surrounding grey matter?

A

Groups of myelinated axons

107
Q

Where do spinal cord extend from and where it ends?

A

Extends from Medulla oblongata (brainstem) to the upper border of L2 (the conus medullaris).

108
Q

What is Cauda Equina?

A

Collection of spinal nerves that angle down the vertebral canal below L2

109
Q

Which part of neurons innervate upper limb?

A

Cervical

110
Q

Which part of neurons innervate lower limb?

A

Lumbar

111
Q

How many pairs of cervical spinal nerves?

A

8 (first from the skull and 7 cervical vertebrae)

112
Q

How many pairs of thoracic spinal nerves?

A

12

113
Q

How many pairs of lumbar spinal nerves?

A

5

114
Q

How many pairs of sacral spinal nerves?

A

5

115
Q

How many pairs of coccygel nerves?

A

1

116
Q

How are spinal nerves placed?

A

Spinal nerves branch-off the spinal cord, leaving the vertebral column through the
intervertebral foramina

117
Q

How are spinal nerves arranged?

A

Spinal nerves are arranged like muscles as neurons grouped together in fascicles and collection of fascicles is a nerve

118
Q

What do individual axons, fascicles and whole nerve have in common?

A

They all have protective connective tissue coverings

119
Q

What are 3 parts of coverings for spinal nerves?

A

Endoneurium, Perineurium, and Epineurium

120
Q

What is endoneurium?

A

covering surrounds axons of individual neurons

121
Q

What is perineurium?

A

covering surrounds bundles of neurons, called fascicles

122
Q

What is epineurium

A

Covering over the entire nerve

123
Q

What is plexus and what are the plexus of spinal nerves?

A

Plexus is a network of spinal nerves and plexus of spinal nerves are cervical plexus, branchial plexus, lumbar plexus, and sacral plexus

124
Q

What does cervical plexus innervate?

A

Innervates skin and muscles of head, neck, and upper shoulders, and diaphragm (C1-C5)

125
Q

What does branchial plexus innervate?

A

Innervates upper limbs, neck and shoulder muscles (C5-T1)

126
Q

What does lumbar plexus innervate?

A

Innervates abdominal wall, genitals, parts of lower limbs (L1-L4)

127
Q

What does sacral plexus innervate?

A

Innervates bufocks, perineum, lower limbs (L4-S4)

128
Q

What is reflex?

A

a rapid and involuntary response to a stimulus

129
Q

What is Monosynaptic reflex?

A

Reflex that involves only one synapse between the sensory neuron to the motor neuron in the spinal cord, such as knee-jerk response

130
Q

List the process of monosynaptic

A
  1. Sensory receptor
  2. Sensory neuron
  3. Integrating center
  4. Motor neuron
  5. Effector
131
Q

What is polysynaptic and the example of polysynaptic?

A

Polysynaptic involves more than one synapse (two effectors) and the example of that is withdrawal reflex (touching something hot)

132
Q

What is the reciprocal innervation of polysynaptic?

A

When one muscle is stimultaed, antagonistic muscle is inhibited

133
Q

What is brain composed of?

A

About 3 lbs of tissue

134
Q

What are brain and spinal cord protected by?

A

Meninges and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

135
Q

What are 3 layers of meninges for brain?

A

Dura mater, Arachnoid mater, and Pia mater

136
Q

List the functions of meninges

A

Cover and protect the CNS
Protect blood vessels and enclose the venous sinuses
Contain cerebrospinal fluid
Form partitions in the skull

137
Q

What is meningitis?

A

Inflammation of the meninges, Serious threat to the brain – bacterial or viral meningitis can spread to the CNS

138
Q

What is Encephalitis?

A

Inflammation of the brain itself

139
Q

What does brain blood supply do?

A

Brain blood supply bring oxygen and glucose that brain needs

140
Q

What are Capillaries?

A

Capillaries are composed of high density endothelial cells that are restricting the substances of blood stream into the fluid

141
Q

What do Astrocytes surrounding blood brain barrier do?

A

Astrocytes surrounds the endothelial cells that are essential to the blood brain barrier

142
Q

What does blood brain barrier do?

A

BBB protects the brain from harmful substances and pathogens

143
Q

What is a cerobrospinal fluid?

A

Cerobrospinal fluid is a clear, colorless liquid that carries oxygen, glucose, and other chemicals to neurons and neuroglia and removes their toxic substances

144
Q

What is cerobrospinal fluid produced by?

A

Produced by ependymal cells that are found in the choroid plexuses of each ventricle of brain

145
Q

Where do cerobrospinal fluid circulate?

A

it circulates through the subarachnoid space (around brain and spinal cord)

146
Q

Where do cerobrospinal fluid become reabsorbed?

A

CSF is reabsorbed by arachnoid villi (between dural sinus and subarachnoid space

147
Q

What is the total volume of CSF?

A

About 125-150 mL

148
Q

How much CSF does choroid plexus produce and how many times are they recycled a day?

A

About 400-500 and 3 times a day

149
Q

What do ventricles produce?

A

CSF

150
Q

How many ventricles are interconnected?

A

4

151
Q

Where do CSF flow in which ventricle?

A

CSF flows in 4th ventricle into central canal of spinal cord and the subarachnoid
space around the surface of the brain and spinal cord

152
Q

What are 4 regions of brain?

A

Diencephalon, Brainstem, Cerebellum, Cerebral cortex

153
Q

What is the diecephalon?

A

The thalamus: a collection of several large nuclei

154
Q

What does the diecephalon do?

A

Diecephalon serves as synaptic relay stations and important integrating centres for most inputs to the cortex and plays a key role general arousal
Thalamus also involved in focusing atention

155
Q

What is the hypothalamus of diecephalon?

A

it is below thalamus and contains different cell groups and pathways and forms master command centre for neural & endocrine coordination

156
Q

What behaviours relate to the hypothalamus?

A

Preservation of the individual (eating and drinking) and species (reproduction)

157
Q

What is Pituitary gland?

A

Gland below hypothalamus connected by a stalk, important endocrine structure regulated by hypothalamus

158
Q

What is Pineal gland?

A

Gland that has a role in regulating biological rhythms and secretes melatonin in low light that helps to promote sleep
It involves dreaming as well

159
Q

What is brainstem composed of?

A

Brainstem is composed of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata

160
Q

What pass through brainstem?

A

All neurons that pass through the spinal cord

161
Q

What is reticular activating system?

A

Core of the brainstem, neurons that regulate consciousness and sleepwake cycles

162
Q

What does midbrain of brainstem have?

A

Midbrain contains the substantia nigra which has cells releasing dopamine

163
Q

Where does dopamine act on?

A

Dopamine acts on the basal nuclei (in cerebrum) to regulate muscle movements

164
Q

How is Parkinson’s disease caused?

A

Parkinson’s disease caused by the loss of neurons in the substantia nigra

165
Q

What does pons of brainstem do?

A

Pons plays a role in relaying information between the cerebrum and the cerebellum
Coordinates muscle movements and control regulation of breathing

166
Q

What is medulla oblongata of brainstem?

A

Main respiratory control centre and regulator of heart contractions
Centre for many reflexs such as coughing and sneezing

167
Q

Where is cerebellum located?

A

Base of brain

168
Q

What does cerebellum do?

A

Controlling and learning muscle movements, fine motor control such as writing with a pen, and coordinating muscle groups when moveing with the body

169
Q

What is cerebrum?

A

The subcortical regions lie underneath the cerebral cortex

170
Q

What does cerebrum contain?

A

Basal nuclei (muscle movements), amygdala (emotion), nucleus accumbens (reward), caudate nucleus (Learning), and corpus callosum (connects right and left side of brain)

171
Q

What is limbic system?

A

Limbic system is a group of structures that are involved in emotions

172
Q

What is olfactory bulb?

A

Olfactory bulb is part of limbic system that involve in sense of smell

173
Q

What is hippocampus?

A

Location of long term memory

174
Q

What is frontal lobe of cerebrum?

A

Frontal lobe contains motor cortex and premotor cortex
Frontal lobe involves planning & initiating muscle movements and higher thinking functions, goal sending, reasoning, decision making, and regulating the limbic system

175
Q

What is Broca’s area of cerebrum?

A

Broca’s area is part of the frontal lobe that controls muscles involved in speaking

176
Q

What is parietal lobe of cerebrum?

A

Parietal lobe contains sensory cortex and associated areas that interpret sensory information

177
Q

What does right side of parietal lobe involve?

A

spatial relationships and interpreting images

178
Q

What does left side of parietal lobe involve?

A

recognizing numbers and letters and patterns

179
Q

What does temporal lobe of cerebrum have?

A

auditory cortex and associated areas that interpret sound

180
Q

What is Wernicke’s area?

A

Part of the temporal lobe that is involved in comprehension of language

181
Q

What does occipital of cerebrum have?

A

visual cortex and associated areas that interpret visual stimuli

182
Q

What is function of nerve I Olfactory?

A

Olfactory epithelium

183
Q

What is function of nerve II Optic

A

Retina of eye

184
Q

What is function of nerve III Oculomotor

A

Intrinsic muscles of the eye

185
Q

What is function of nerve IV Trochlear

A

Muscles of the eye

186
Q

What is function of nerve V Trigeminal

A

Sensory: head & face
Motor: chewing

187
Q

What is function of nerve VI Abducens

A

Eye

188
Q

What is function of nerve VII Facial

A

Sensory: taste
Motor: facial expression

189
Q

What is function of nerve VIII Vestibulocochlear

A

Hearing
Motion and balance

190
Q

What is function of nerve IX Glossopharyngeal

A

Muscle: Pharyngeal muscles

191
Q

What is function of nerve X Vagus

A

Thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity

192
Q

What is function of nerve XI Accessory

A

Neck

193
Q

What is function of nerve XII Hypoglossal

A

Tongue muscles

194
Q

What are 2 efferent divisions?

A
  1. Somatic nervous system and
  2. Autonomic nervous system
195
Q

What is enteric nervous system of autonomic nervous system?

A

Enteric nervous system is in the gastrointestinal tract and includes sensory neurons and interneurons

196
Q

What are divisions of autonomic nervous system?

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic division

197
Q

Where are sympathetic fibres?

A

from the thoracic (chest) and lumbar regions of the spinal cord

198
Q

Where are parasympathetic division?

A

from the brainstem and the sacral portion of the spinal cord

199
Q

What is sympathetic division also called?

A

thoracolumbar division, Short preganglionic and long postganglionic axons

200
Q

What are major neurotransmitters of sympathetic division?

A

Acetylcholine (ACh) at the preganglionic synapse
& Usually norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (Epi) at the postganglionic synapse

201
Q

What response system is sympathetic division?

A

The “flight or fight” response system

202
Q

What is parasympathetic division also called?

A

craniosacral division, Long preganglionic and short postganglionic axons

203
Q

What are major neurotransmitters of parasympathetic division?

A

ACh at both pre- and postganglionic synapses

204
Q

What response system is parasympathetic division?

A

The “rest and digest” system

205
Q

What does one set of postgaglionic neurons in the sympathetic division provide?

A

They form the adrenal medulla not axons

206
Q

Upon what kind of activation do cells of adrenal medulla release mixture (NE 20% and Epi 80%) into the blood?

A

Upon activation by preganglionic sympathetic axons

207
Q

What are the mixture (NE 20% and Epi 80%) called?

A

They are called hormones which transported via blood to effector cells that have receptors sensitive to them

208
Q

Which autonomic system do heart, many glands, and smooth muscles are innervated by?

A

Innervated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic fibres = dual innervation

209
Q

What is the relationship between sympathetic division and parasympathetic division in terms of how are they affected by one and other?

A

Whatever effect one division has on the effector cells, the other division usually has the opposite effect
Two divisions are usually activated reciprocally

Anatomy 1 (5 decks)

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