CHAPTER 15- MOTIVATION

Question 1

WHAT IS MOTIVATION?

Answer 1

Result of an interaction between the person and a situation, it is not a personal trait

it is a process by which a person’s efforts are energized, directed and sustained toward attaining a goal.

Question 2

What are the key elements of motivation

Answer 2

Energy–> is a measure of intensity or drive
a motivated person puts forth efforts and works hard

the quality of the effort must be considered. Not all high level efforts lead to job performance

direction–> unless this effort is channeled in a direction that benefit the organization.
effort that is directed toward and consistent with the organization’s goals.

persistent–> exerting effort to achieve goals.

Question 3

MASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS THEORY

Answer 3

SELF- ACTUALIZATION
ESTEEM
SOCIAL 
SAFETY 
PHYSIOLOGICAL

Question 4

THE 5 NEEDS

Answer 4

-physiological: need for food, drink, shelter..
-safety: need for security, protection from physical and emotional harm
-social need: affection, belongingness, friendship and acceptance
-esteem needs :
internal esteem factors: self- respect, achievement, autonomy
external esteem factors: status, attention and recognition
-self actualization: growth, achieving one’s potential, self-fulfillment.

Question 5

additional information

Answer 5

-each need needs to be fulfilled substantially before the next need becomes dominant.
an individual moves up the hierarchy from one level to another
-maslow separated the need to lower level needs ( satisfied externally: physiological and safety)
and the higher level needs: ( fulfilled internally: social,esteem and self-actualization)
needs will not motivate after being substantially satisfied, this is why managers need to know at what level the employee is on the hierarchy.

Question 6

Mcgregor’s theory x

Answer 6

theory x is a negative view that assumes that workers have little ambitions, want to avoid responsibility, dislike work and need to be closely controlled to work effectively

Question 7

mcgregor’s theory y

Answer 7

theory y is a positive view of the workers that assumes that they enjoy work, seek out and accept responsibility and exercise self-direction.

Question 8

Mcgregor’s thoery

Answer 8

theory y should be a guide for management practices

and participation in decision making, challenging and interesting jobs and good group relations maximize motivation.

Question 9

Herzberg two factors - motivation-hygiene theory

Answer 9

• factors influencing what makes u feel satisfied at work are motivators they are intrinsic and psychological, and to motivate employees at work managers should use motivators
• factors influencing what makes you not feel dissatisfied at work are hygiene factors.
  they are extrinsic and environmental

Question 10

motivators

Answer 10

-satisfied
-not satisfied
achievement, growth, recognition, responsibility, work itself…

Question 11

hygiene

Answer 11

dissatisfied 
not dissatisfied
supervision 
company policy 
relationship with peers
status 
security 
salary 
working conditions...

Question 12

Mcclelland three needs theory

Answer 12

they are acquired no innate needs that are majors motivators in work
need for achievement
need for power
need for affiliation

Question 13

need for achievement

Answer 13

a worker strive for personal achievement rather than the rewards for success
he prefers a job with responsibility to find solutions to problems and get immediate feedback that shows white they are improving or not
the drive to excel and succeed
it is the desire to do something better and more efficiently than it was done before
a person that need high achievement is motivated by competing with others.
the need for achievement does not necessarily lead to being a good manager since it focus on own accomplishments rather than the whole organization’s accomplishments.

Question 14

need for power

Answer 14

the need to influence other’s behavior and have them listen to you
best managers tend to have high need for power and low need for affiliation

Question 15

need for affiliation

Answer 15

The desire for friendly and interpersonal relationships and association with other people

Question 16

conclusion of the three needs theory

Answer 16

these three needs can be measured by using a projective test in which respondents react to a set of pictures
after seeing them they have to write a story based in each picture
and then trained people determine the level go nach, npow and naff each have.

Question 17

contemporary motivation theories

Answer 17

goal setting theory 
reinforcement theory 
job design theory 
equity theory 
expectancy

Question 18

goal setting theory

Answer 18

-setting goals that are accepted, specific and challenging yet achievable will result in higher performance than no or easy goals.
There’s no contradiction when they say that difficult goals set maximize motivation while the achievement need in the three needs theory states that motivation is stimulated by moderately challenging goals- because not everyone have a high nach, and the goal setting theory is generally for everyone
In addition people will do better and feel better when they get feedback about how well they are progressing toward their goals because feedbacks helps identify the discrepancies between what they have done and what they want to do
self-generated feedback is more powerful motivator than geting feedbacks from other people

Question 19

what are the three other contingencies that influence goal setting

Answer 19

1- goal commitment: commitment is more likely when goals are made public, when an individual has locus of control and when goals are self-set rather than assigned

2-adequate self-efficacy : it is the individual belief that he/ or she is capable of performing a task ( people with more self-efficacy tend to be more confident about themselves and about succeeding in a task and respond to negative feedback with an increase in efforts)

3-national culture revolves around having low power distance between employees ( independent employees)
having low uncertainty avoidance ( both managers and employees should seek challenging goals )
and having high assertiveness

Question 20

reinforcement theory

Answer 20

assumes that behavior is a function of its consequences
these consequences immediately follow a behavior and increase the probability of the repetition of this behavior which is called reinforcers.
but reinforcement ignores factors such as needs, goals and expectations
it focuses on what happens to a person when he/ she does something
- people will cost likely engage in desired behaviors if they are rewarded while behaviors that are not rewarded or those punished will less likely to be repeated
using reinforcemeny theories n influence employees’ behavior by using positive reinforcers that help the organization achieve its goals