Chapter 15: Genomics and Proteomics Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
1
Q

What are omics?

A
  • Field of biology aims at the collective characterization and qualification of pools of biological molecules that translate into the structure, function, and dynamics of an organism
  • Large-scale
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are genomics?

A

Attempts to understand the content, organization, function, and evolution of the genetic information contained in whole genomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are genetic maps?

A
  • Rough approximation of the locations of genes relative to the locations of other known genes
  • Based on the genetic process of recombination
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are physical maps?

A

Based on the direct analysis of DNA (physical distance measured in base pairs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How are distances on a genetic map measured?

A

CentiMorgans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What was the first free-living organism to be sequenced?

A

The bacteria Haemophilas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How do physical maps compare to genetic maps?

A

Physical maps generally have a higher resolution and are more accurate than genetic maps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are collinear relationships?

A
  • Comparing a genome with little known information to other genomes helps determine their origins, and their genomic characteristics
  • Concerns species that are linked in evolution
  • Many genes are present in the same order in related genomes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Provide an example of a collinear relationship.

A
  • Rice was compared to Brachypodium, which was then used to uncover characteristics about Sorghum
  • Sorghum was difficult to characterize
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are homologous sequences?

A

Sequences that are evolutionarily related

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are orthologs?

A

Homologous sequences found in different species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are paralogs?

A

Homologous genes in the same species that arise from gene duplication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What were the overall steps to determining the human genome?

A

1) Map-based sequencing
2) Flow cytometry
3) Partial digestion of each chromosome
4) DNA fragments are cloned
5) Large-insert clones are put together in the correct order based on their overlapping features

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is map-based sequencing?

A
  • Short sequenced fragments are assembled into a whole-genome sequence
  • By first creating detailed genetic and physical maps of the genome, which provide known locations of genetic markers at regularly spaced intervals
  • These markers are later used to help align the short sequenced fragments in the correct order
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is flow cytometry?

A

Used to separate individual chromosomes from a single unique cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is partial digestion?

A
  • Restriction enzymes are allowed to act for only a limited time
  • Produces a set of large overlapping DNA fragments
17
Q

What is a contig?

A

A set of two or more overlapping DNA fragments that form a contiguous stretch of DNA

18
Q

A contig is
A) A set of molecular markers used in genetic mapping
B) A set of overlapping fragments that form a continuous stretch of DNA
C) A set of fragments generated by a restriction enzyme
D) A small DNA fragment used in sequencing

A

B) A set of overlapping fragments that form a continuous stretch of DNA

19
Q

What is whole-genome shotgun sequencing?

A

The entire genome is assembled based on sequence overlap

20
Q

What is a single-nucleotide polymorphism?

A

A site in the genome at which individual members of a species differ in a single base pair

21
Q

What is a haplotype?

A
  • The specific set of SNPs and other genetic variants observed on a single chromosome or part of a chromosome
  • Each haplotype is made up of a particular set of alleles at each SNP
22
Q

Why are SNPs used as a marker for linkage studies in diseased states?

A
  • When a SNP is physically close to a disease-causing locus, it will tend to be inherited along with the disease-causing allele
  • People with a diseased tend to have different SNPs than healthy people
23
Q

How do SNPs compare to RFLPs?

A

There are many more SNPs, providing a dense set of variable markers covering the entire genome

24
Q

What is the transcriptome?

A

All the RNA molecules transcribed from a genome

25
Q

What are microarrays?

A

Rely on nucleic acid hybridization, in which a known DNA fragment is used as a probe to find complementary sequences

26
Q

What information can microarrays provide?

A
  • Information about gene expression (which RNA molecules are synthesized)
  • How gene expression changes in the course of biological processes (development, or disease)
27
Q

What do red and green fluorescence indicate in microarrays?

A
  • Red: overexpression of a gene in a cancer cell

- Green: overexpression of a gene in a non-cancer cell

28
Q

What is mass spectrometry used for?

A

Method to determine the precise molecular mass of a molecule

29
Q

Mass spectrometry separates molecules on the basis of their _________ ratio

A

mass-to-charge

30
Q

What are the dimensions of two-dimensional acrylamide gel electrophoresis?

A
  • One dimension separates based on charge

- Another dimension separates based on mass

31
Q

What method may be utilized to analyze protein-protein interactions?

A

Protein microarrays

32
Q

What are some of the limitations of genetic maps?

A

Accuracy and resolution

33
Q

What is the difference between orthologs and paralogs?
A) Orthologs are homologous sequences; paralogs are analogous sequences.
B) Orthologs are more similar than paralogs.
C) Orthologs are in the same organism; paralogs are in different organisms.
D) Orthologs are in different organisms; paralogs are in the same organism.

A

D) Orthologs are in different organisms; paralogs are in the same organism.