Chapter 15: Genomics and Proteomics Flashcards
What are omics?
- Field of biology aims at the collective characterization and qualification of pools of biological molecules that translate into the structure, function, and dynamics of an organism
- Large-scale
What are genomics?
Attempts to understand the content, organization, function, and evolution of the genetic information contained in whole genomes
What are genetic maps?
- Rough approximation of the locations of genes relative to the locations of other known genes
- Based on the genetic process of recombination
What are physical maps?
Based on the direct analysis of DNA (physical distance measured in base pairs)
How are distances on a genetic map measured?
CentiMorgans
What was the first free-living organism to be sequenced?
The bacteria Haemophilas
How do physical maps compare to genetic maps?
Physical maps generally have a higher resolution and are more accurate than genetic maps
What are collinear relationships?
- Comparing a genome with little known information to other genomes helps determine their origins, and their genomic characteristics
- Concerns species that are linked in evolution
- Many genes are present in the same order in related genomes
Provide an example of a collinear relationship.
- Rice was compared to Brachypodium, which was then used to uncover characteristics about Sorghum
- Sorghum was difficult to characterize
What are homologous sequences?
Sequences that are evolutionarily related
What are orthologs?
Homologous sequences found in different species
What are paralogs?
Homologous genes in the same species that arise from gene duplication
What were the overall steps to determining the human genome?
1) Map-based sequencing
2) Flow cytometry
3) Partial digestion of each chromosome
4) DNA fragments are cloned
5) Large-insert clones are put together in the correct order based on their overlapping features
What is map-based sequencing?
- Short sequenced fragments are assembled into a whole-genome sequence
- By first creating detailed genetic and physical maps of the genome, which provide known locations of genetic markers at regularly spaced intervals
- These markers are later used to help align the short sequenced fragments in the correct order
What is flow cytometry?
Used to separate individual chromosomes from a single unique cell