Chapter 15: Gender Development Flashcards
activating influences
potential result of certain fluctuations in sex-linked hormone levels affecting the contemporaneous activation of the nervous system and corresponding behavioral responses
adrenarche
period prior to the emergence of visible signs of puberty during which the adrenal glands mature, providing a major source of sex steroid hormones; correlates with the onset of sexual attraction
affiliation
tendency to affirm connection with other through being emotionally open, empathetic, or cooperative
androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS)
condition during prenatal development in which androgen receptors malfunction in genetic males, impeding the formation of male external genitalia; in these cases, the child may be born with female external genitalia
androgens
class of steroid hormones that normally occur at higher levels in males than in females and that affect physical development and functioning from the prenatal period onward
assertion
tendency to take action on behalf of the self through competitive, independent, or aggressive behaviors
body image
an individual’s perception of, and feelings about, his or her own body
collaboration
coordination of assertion and affiliation in behavior, which is associated with gender-role flexibility and more common among girls than boys
congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)
condition during prenatal development in which the adrenal glands produce high levels of androgens; sometimes associated with masculinization of external genitalia in genetic females; and sometimes associated with higher rates of masculine-stereotyped play in genetic females
cross-gender-typed
behaviors associated with the gender other than that of a given person
effect size
magnitude of difference between two group’s averages and the amount of overlap in their distributions
enactive experience
learning through experiencing the reactions one’s behaviors evokes in others
gender constancy
realization that gender is invariant despite superficial changes in a person’s appearance or behavior
gender dysphoria disorder
psychiatric diagnosis included in the DSM-5 to refer to children who identify with the other gender and indicate cross-gender-typed interests
gender identity
awareness of oneself as a boy or a girl
gender schema filter
initial evaluation of information as relevant for one’s own gender
gender schemas
organized mental representations (concepts, beliefs, memories) about gender, including gender stereotypes
gender segregation
children’s tendency to associate with same-gender peers and to avoid other-gender peers
gender stability
awareness that gender remains the same over time
gender typing
the process of gender socialization and development
gender-essentialist statements
remarks about males’ and females’ activities and characteristics phrased in language that implies they are inherent to the group as a whole
gender-role flexibility
recognition of gender roles as social convention and adoptions of more flexible attitudes and interests
gender-role intensification
heightened concerns with adhering to traditional gender roles that may occur during adolescence
gender-typed
behaviors associated with a given person’s gender
ingroup assimilation
process whereby individuals are socialized to conform to the group’s norms, demonstrating the characteristics that define the ingroup
ingroup bias
tendency to evaluate individuals and characteristics of the ingroup as superior to those of the outgroup
interest filter
initial evaluation of information as being personally interesting
menarche
onset of menstruation
meta-analysis
statistical technique used to summarize average effect size and statistical significance across several research studies
observational learning
learning through watching other people and the consequences others experiences as a result of their actions
opportunity structure
the economic and social resources offered by the macrosystem in the bioecological model, and people’s understanding of those resources
organizing influences
potential result of certainsex-linked hormones affecting brain differentiation and organization during prenatal development or at puberty
puberty
developmental period marked by the ability to reproduce and other dramatic bodily changes
self-socialization
the idea that children play a very active role in their own socialization through their activity preferences, friendship choices, and so on
spermarche
onset of capacity for ejaculation
transgender
a person whose gender identity does not match the person’s genetic sex; includes individuals who identify either with the other sex, with both sexes, or with neither sex
tuition
learning through direct teaching
