Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology Freshman Year > Chapter 15 Charles Darwin > Flashcards

Chapter 15 Charles Darwin Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the 7 evidences of Evolution?

A
  • Fossil Record
  • Current Evolution/Natural Selection
  • Comparative Anatomy
  • Comparative Biochemistry
  • Comparative Embryology
  • Artificial Selection
  • Geographic Distribution of Animals
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Definition of Fossil Record

A

The remains of organisms (bones, teeth, shells, etc.) that are found in the different layers of rock that have changed through time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Example of Fossil Record

A

Evidence collected in ancient rock layers indicate that prehistoric horses were once smaller than they are today

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Definition of Current Evolution/Natural Selection

A

Experiments conducted in nature and society today demonstrate that traits in populations of organisms can change through time, depending on the traits that are best suited for the environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Example of Current Evolution/Natural Selection

A

Blue Moon Butterflies developed resistance to bacteria that nearly wiped out all of the males in a short period of time. Surviving males that had the gene for the bacteria resistance reproduced with the females to sustain the Blue Moon Butterfly population, now with resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Definition of Comparative Anatomy

A

The study of similar body parts among organisms of different species with a backbone (vertebrates) to determine how they are related

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Example of Comparative Anatomy

A

Homologous Structures

Vestigial Structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Homologous Structures

A

Structures that have different mature forms in different organisms but develop from the same embryonic tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Vestigial Structures

A

organ that serves no useful function in an organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Definition of Comparative Biochemistry

A

Studying common genes in different species of organisms that control cellular functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Examples of Comparative Biochemistry

A

During early development, fish and mammals have pharyngeal arches, which become different structures in each as they grow (gill apparatus in fish and jaws and ears in mammals)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Definition of Artificial Selection

A

When nature provides genetic variation, but humans choose to breed organisms who possess traits that they prefer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Example of Artificial Selection

A

Breeding race horses for speed; breeding two different dog breeds together to create a designer breed; selecting for seedless fruits(grapes and watermelon)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Definition of Geographic Distribution of Animals

A

The existence of similar yet different species on different geographical locations. Darwin suggested that these species descended with modification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Example of Geographic Distribution of Animals

A

13 slightly different species of finches were collected from different islands with different environmental conditions oft the Galapagos Islands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Darwin’s Theory

A

Natural selection as the mechanism of evolution

17
Q

Descent with modification

A

Each species has descended, with changes, from other species over time

18
Q

Common descent

A

All - living and extinct - were derived from common ancestors. Therefore, a single”tree of life” links all living things

19
Q

What is Evolution?

A

central theme in biology

T. Zobzhansky: “Nothing in biology makes sense except on the light of evolution”

20
Q

What are the four core principles of evolution?

A
  1. All life is linked through a common ancestor
  2. Populations of living things change over time/evolve
  3. The environmental influences this change (natural selection) so that advantageous traits become more common in the population
  4. The advantageous traits become more common in population
21
Q

When was Darwin born?

A

February 12, 1809

22
Q

What did he go on for a a 5 year voyage across the world

A

HMS Beagle 13-15 around the 5 year voyage

23
Q

Patterns of Diversity

A

plants and animals seemed remarkably well suited to whatever environment they inhabited

24
Q

The Galapagos Islands

A
  • 1000 km west of South America

- Islands had different climates

25
Q

Hood Island

A
  • sparse vegeatation

- Tortoises- long necks and curved shell

26
Q

Isabel Island

A
  • rich vegetation

- long necks and dome shaped shell

27
Q

What did Aristotle believe

A

Species were fixed and not evolved

28
Q

Hutton 1785

A

Geological processes operate extremely slowly

29
Q

Lyell 1833

A
  • Wrote Principles of Geology

- Promoted idea of continual, gradual, consistent geological changes

30
Q

Lamarck 1809

A
  • First to support idea of evolution
  • Law of Use and Disuse: believed organisms acquired or lost certain traits during their lifetime
  • Law of Acquired Characteristics: acquired traits could be passed to offspring
31
Q

Malthus 1798

A
  • If human populations increase too fast, leads to competition for resources
  • Limits to population growth
32
Q

Wallace 1858

A
  • Conceived of essentially the same theory as Darwin

- Speculates on evolution by natural selection

33
Q

What is the result of adaptation

A

fitness

34
Q

Struggle for existence

A

competition among members of a species for food, living space, and the other necessities of life

35
Q

Definition of Theory

A

well-tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations

36
Q

Definition of Fossil

A

preserved remains or evidence of an ancient organism

37
Q

Definition of Fitness

A

ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in its environment

38
Q

Definition of Adaptation

A

inherited characteristic that increases an organism’s chance of survival

39
Q

Summary of Darwin’s Theory

A
  • Individual organisms differ from one another in a population
  • More organisms are produced than can survive
  • Individuals best suited to their environment survive and reproduce successfully
  • Natural selection, the environment selecting the best traits

Biology Freshman Year (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions