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BIOL*235 Midterm 2 > Chapter 15: Autonomic Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 15: Autonomic Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Somatic nervous system.

A

Usually innervates skeletal muscles for voluntary contraction. The somatic motor neurons that innervate skeletal muscles for posture, balance, breathing and somatic reflexes are involuntarily controlled by integrating centres in the brainstem and spinal cord. Involves ACh. ALWAYS EXCITES.

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2
Q

Autonomic nervous system.

A

Usually involuntarily regulates visceral effectors like cardiac muscle, smooth, and glands by either exciting or inhibiting their activities. Involves ACh and NE.

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3
Q

Tissues innervated by what nervous system often continue to function after their nerve supply is damaged?

A

ANS.

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4
Q

Biofeedback.

A

Monitoring devices can display information about a body function and allow you to learn conscious control.

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5
Q

Interoceptors.

A

Sensory receptors in blood vessels, visceral organs, muscles and nervous system that monitor conditions in the internal environment.

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6
Q

What are the divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Sympathetic, parasympathetic and enteric.

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7
Q

Dual innervation.

A

Most organs are innervated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.

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8
Q

Enteric nervous system.

A

Involuntarily controls GI smooth muscles and glands. Contains sensory neurons, interneurons and motor neurons.

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9
Q

Most autonomic motor pathways consists of:

A

Two motor neuron in series. Preganglionic and postganglionic neurons.

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10
Q

Preganglionic neuron.

A

Cell body is in CNS, and small-diameter myelinated type-B fibre axon extends with a cranial or spinal nerve to autonomic ganglion.

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11
Q

Postganglionic neuron.

A

Small-diameter unmyelinated type-C fibre axon extends from autonomic ganglion to the effector.

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12
Q

In other autonomic pathways, the first motor neuron extends to:

A

Chromaffin cells in the adrenal medullae rather than the autonomic ganglion, which secrete EP and NE.

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13
Q

Describe the preganglionic neurons in the sympathetic division.

A

Cell bodies are in the lateral horns of the gray matter in the T1-L2 segments of the spinal cord. This is why the sympathetic division is also called the thoracolumbar division, and the axons of the sympathetic preganglionic neurons are called the thoracolumbar outflow.

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14
Q

Describe the preganglionic neurons in the parasympathetic division.

A

Cell bodies are in nuclei of 4 cranial nerves in the brainstem (III, VII, IX, X) and in the lateral gray matter of the S2-S4 segments. This is why the parasympathetic division is also called the craniosacral division, and the axons of the parasympathetic preganglionic neurons are called the craniosacral outflow.

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15
Q

How many postganglionic neurons can a single sympathetic preganglionic neuron synapse with?

A

More than 20, because of axon collaterals.

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16
Q

How many postganglionic neurons can a single parasympathetic preganglionic neuron synapse with?

A

4-5 for a single visceral effector.

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17
Q

Axons of sympathetic preganglionic neurons may connect with postganglionic neurons in one of the following ways:

A

1) An axon may synapse with postganglionic neurons in the ganglion it first reaches. 2) An axon may ascend or descend to a higher or lower ganglion before synapsing. 3) An axon may continue through the sympathetic trunk ganglion to end at a prevertebral ganglion and synapse with postganglionic neurons there. 4) An axon may pass through the sympathetic trunk ganglion and a prevertebral ganglion and then extend to chromatin cells of adrenal medullae that are functionally similar to sympathetic postganglionic neurons.

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18
Q

Sympathetic ganglia.

A

The sites of the synapses between pre and postsynaptic neurons in the sympathetic division.

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19
Q

Sympathetic trunk ganglia.

A

Sympathetic ganglia. Vertebral chain ganglia. Paravertebral ganglia. Lie in a vertical row on either side of the vertebral column. Extend from the base of the skull to the coccyx. Postganglionic axons from sympathetic trunk ganglia innervate organs above the diaphragm.

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20
Q

Prevertebral ganglia.

A

Sympathetic ganglia. Lie anterior to the vertebral column and close to large abdominal arteries. Postganglionic axons from prevertebral ganglia innervate organs below the diaphragm.

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21
Q

Parasympathetic ganglia.

A

The sites of the synapses between pre and postganglionic neurons in the parasympathetic division.

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22
Q

Terminal ganglia.

A

Parasympathetic ganglia. Intramural ganglia. Located close to or within the wall of a visceral organ.

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23
Q

Autonomic plexuses.

A

Axons of sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons in thorax, abdomen and pelvis form tangled networks.

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24
Q

Cardiac plexus.

A

Supplies the heart.

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25
Q

Pulmonary plexus.

A

Supplies the bronchial tree.

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26
Q

Celiac/solar plexus.

A

Largest plexus. Surrounds celiac trunk. Contains two large celiac ganglia, two aorticorenal ganglia, and a dense network of autonomic axons. Supplies the stomach, spleen, pancreas, liver, gallbladder, kidneys, adrenal medullae, testes and ovaries.

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27
Q

Superior mesenteric plexus.

A

Contains the superior mesenteric ganglion. Supplies the small and large intestines.

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28
Q

Inferior mesenteric plexus.

A

Contains the inferior mesenteric ganglion. Supplies large intestine. Axons of some sympathetic postganglionic neurons from the inferior mesenteric ganglion also extend through the hypogastric plexus to supply the pelvic viscera.

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29
Q

Renal plexus.

A

Contains the renal ganglion. Supplies the renal arteries within kidneys and ureters.

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30
Q

After exiting through the intervertebral foramina, the myelinated preganglionic sympathetic axons pass into the:

A

Anterior root of a spinal nerve and enter a white ramus before passing to the nearest sympathetic trunk ganglion on the same side.

31
Q

White rami communicantes.

A

Consist of all the white rami. Structures containing sympathetic preganglionic axons that connect the anterior ramus of a spinal nerve with the ganglia of the sympathetic trunk.

32
Q

Which spinal nerves have white rami communicates?

A

T1-T12 and L1-3.

33
Q

How are the paired sympathetic trunk ganglia arranged?

A

Anterior and lateral to the vertebral column.

34
Q

How many sympathetic trunk ganglia are there?

A

Cervical: 3. Thoracic: 11-12. Lumbar: 4-5. Sacral: 4-5.

35
Q

How many coccygeal ganglia are there?

A
  1. Right and left fuse together and lie at midline.
36
Q

Sympathetic trunk ganglia receive preganglionic axons from which spinal cord segments?

A

Thoracic and lumbar.

37
Q

Postganglionic neurons leaving the superior cervical ganglion serve the:

A

Head and heart. Sweat glands, smooth muscle of eye, blood vessels of face, lacrimal glands, pineal gland, nasal mucosa, salivary glands.

38
Q

Postganglionic neurons leaving the middle and inferior cervical ganglion serve the:

A

Heart and blood vessels of neck, shoulders and upper limbs.

39
Q

Axons leave sympathetic trunk in 4 possible ways:

A

1) Spinal nerves. 2) Cephalic periarterial nerves. 3) Sympathetic nerves. 4) Splanchnic nerves.

40
Q

Axons that leave the sympathetic trunk in spinal nerves innervate:

A

Visceral effects in the skin of the neck, trunk, and limbs. Sweat glands, smooth muscle in blood vessels, arrestor pili muscles of hair follicles.

41
Q

Axons that leave the sympathetic trunk in cephalic periarterial nerves innervate:

A

Visceral effects in the skin of the face (sweat glands, smooth muscle of blood vessels, arrestor pili muscles of hair follicles) and head (smooth muscle of eye, lacrimal glands, pineal gland, nasal mucosa, salivary glands).

42
Q

Axons that leave the sympathetic trunk in sympathetic nerves innervate:

A

Visceral effectors in the thoracic cavity (heart and lungs). Sympathetic nerves to heart: synapse in superior, middle, or inferior cervical ganglia and T1-T4, and then axons exit the trunk by forming sympathetic nerves that enter the cardiac plexus. Sympathetic nerves to lungs: synapse in T2-T4 and then axons exit the trunk by forming sympathetic nerves that enter the pulmonary plexus.

43
Q

Axons that leave the sympathetic trunk in splanchnic nerves innervate:

A

Outlying prevertebral ganglia. Splanchnic nerves to abdominopelvic organs is the most common. Splanchnic nerves to adrenal medulla extend to chromaffin cells which release a mixture of catecholamine hormones (80% EP, 20% NE, traces of DA).

44
Q

Parasympathetic axons exit the brain as part of a:

A

Cranial nerve or the anterior root of a spinal nerve.

45
Q

Cranial parasympathetic outflow occurs via 4 pairs of ganglia:

A

Ciliary ganglia, pterygopalatine ganglia, submandibular ganglia, otic ganglia.

46
Q

Ciliary ganglia.

A

Lateral to each optic nerve. Preganglionic axons pass to ciliary ganglia with oculomotor nerves –> postganglionic axons innervate smooth muscle of eye.

47
Q

Pterygopalatine ganglia.

A

Lateral to sphenopalatine foramen between sphenoid bone and palatine bone. Preganglionic axons pass to this ganglia with facial nerves –> postganglionic axons innervate nasal mucosa, palate, pharynx and lacrimal glands.

48
Q

Submandibular ganglia.

A

Near ducts of submandibular salivary glands. Preganglionic axons pass to this ganglia with facial nerves –> postganglionic axons innervate submandibular and sublingual salivary glands.

49
Q

Otic ganglia.

A

Inferior to each foramen oval. Preganglionic axons pass to this ganglia with glossopharyngeal nerves –> postganglionic axons innervate parotid salivary glands.

50
Q

Preganglionic axons that leave the brain as part of the vagus nerve carry:

A

80% of the total craniosacral outflow (to heart, lungs, lover, gallbladder, stomach, pancreas, small intestine, large intestine).

51
Q

Sacral parasympathetic outflow.

A

Preganglionic axons in anterior roots of S2-S4 branch to form pelvic splanchnic nerves which synapse with parasympathetic postganglionic neurons in terminal ganglia in walls of innervated viscera (colon, ureters, urinary bladder, reproduction organs).

52
Q

Cholinergic neurons release:

A

ACh.

53
Q

Adrenergic neurons release:

A

NE.

54
Q

All sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic neurons and parasympathetic postganglionic neurons release:

A

ACh.

55
Q

Only sympathetic postganglionic neurons release:

A

NE.

56
Q

Nicotinic receptors.

A

Located in plasma membrane of dendrites and cell bodies of sympathetic and parasympathetic postganglionic neurons. Also located in the plasma membrane of chromaffin cells and in motor end plate at NMJ. Activated by ACh –> depolarization –> excitation of postsynaptic cell.

57
Q

Muscarinic receptors.

A

Located in plasma membrane of all effectors innervated by parasympathetic postganglionic axons. Activated by ACh –> depolarization (excitation) or hyper polarization (inhibition) depending on which cell bears the receptor.

58
Q

Effects triggered by cholinergic neurons are:

A

Brief.

59
Q

Although adrenergic cells release ACh, adrenergic receptors bind:

A

Both NE and EP.

60
Q

Alpha receptors.

A

Located on visceral effectors innervated by most sympathetic postganglionic axons. Alpha 1: activation = excitation. Alpha 2: activation = inhibition.

61
Q

Which adrenergic receptor does NE activate the most?

A

Alpha.

62
Q

Beta receptors.

A

Located on visceral effectors innervated by most sympathetic postganglionic axons. Beta 1: activation = excitation. Beta 2: activation = inhibition. Beta 3: present only on cells of brown adipose tissue, where activation = thermogenesis.

63
Q

Effects triggered by adrenergic receptors are:

A

Longer lasting.

64
Q

Phenylephrine.

A

Adrenergic agonist at alpha 1 receptors.

65
Q

Atropine.

A

Muscarinic antagonist that blocks ACh.

66
Q

Autonomic tone.

A

Balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic activity. Regulated by hypothalamus.

67
Q

What can stimulate the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Fear, embarrassment, rage, danger, stress.

68
Q

Sympathetic responses.

A

Favours body functions that support vigorous physical activity and rapid ATP production. Reduces body functions that favour energy storage.

69
Q

Why are the effects of the sympathetic nervous system longer lasting and more widespread than the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

1) Sympathetic postganglionic axons diverge more extensively so many tissues are activated at the same time. 2) NE lingers in synaptic cleft longer than ACh. 3) EP and NE secreted into the blood from adrenal medullae intensify and prolong the sympathetic responses caused by NE.

70
Q

Parasympathetic responses.

A

Favours body functions that conserve and restore energy. Reduces body functions that support physical activity.

71
Q

Autonomic reflexes.

A

Responses that occur when nerve impulses pass through an autonomic reflex arc. Important in regulating controlled conditions of the body.

72
Q

What is the major control and integration centre of the ANS?

A

Hypothalamus.

73
Q

Posterior and lateral parts of the hypothalamus control:

A

Sympathetic division of ANS.

74
Q

Anterior and medial parts of the hypothalamus control:

A

Parasympathetic division of ANS.

BIOL*235 Midterm 2 (10 decks)

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