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Exercise Physiology > Chapter 15 > Flashcards

Chapter 15 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 4 components of the heart? *

A
  1. a pump to connect all components
  2. a high-pressure distribution circuit
  3. exchange vessels
  4. a low pressure collection and return circuit
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2
Q

what is the heart muscle called? what are some of its characteristics?

A

myocardium

  • striated and interconnect in latticework fashion to allow the heart to function as a unit
  • adapts to the type of exercise
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3
Q

what is the function of the right side of the heart?

A

receives blood returning from the body

pumps blood to lungs for aeration through pulmonary circulation

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4
Q

what is the function of the left side of the heart?

A

receives oxygenated blood from the lungs

pumps blood into thick-walled muscular aorta for distribution via systemic circulation

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5
Q

what are the 2 types of valves and their subdivisions?

A

Atrioventricular valves

  • Tricuspid
  • Bicuspid/mitral

Semilunar valves

  • Pulmonary
  • Aortic
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6
Q

what is the function of the tricuspid AV valve?

A

provides one-way blood flow from the right atrium to left ventricle

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7
Q

what is the function of the bicuspid/mitral AV valve?

A

provides one-way blood flow from the left atrium to left ventricle

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8
Q

what is the function of the semilunar valves?

A

prevents blood from flowing back into the heart between contractions

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9
Q

what is concentric hypertrophy? what type of exercise causes this?

A

When the walls of the heart become thicker allowing more blood to be pumped out

High intensity interval training

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10
Q

what is eccentric hypertrophy? what type of exercise causes this?

A

When the chambers of the heart become bigger allowing more blood to be held inside the heart

Aerobic exercise

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11
Q

what is the heart’s circulatory system called? where does it begin?

A

Coronary circulation

Arises immediately from the aorta

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12
Q

where does blood leave the tissues of the left ventricle through?

A

coronary sinus

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13
Q

where does blood leave the tissues of the right ventricle through?

A

anterior cardiac veins

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14
Q

what is the normal blood flow to the myocardium at rest?

A

200-250 mL/min

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15
Q

what are two factors that increase myocardial blood flow? *

A
  1. elevated myocardial metabolism dilates coronary vessels

2. increased aortic pressure during exercise forces a greater volume of blood into coronary circulation

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16
Q

what is extensive vascular perfusion?

A

When there is a supply of at least one capillary to each of the heart’s muscle fibers

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17
Q

what is tissue hypoxia? what are effects of tissue hypoxia?

A

A potent stimulus to myocardial blood flow

Can produce chest pains, or angina pectoris

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18
Q

how do you evaluate the adequacy of myocardial blood flow?

A

Exercise

example) cardiac stress test (graded exercise test)

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19
Q

what causes myocardial infarction?

A

A plaque or blood clot lodged in a coronary vessel which impairs normal heart function

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20
Q

what does an ECG represent?

A

The electrical activity of the heart during a cardiac cycle

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21
Q

what are the 3 steps of cardiac conduction?

A
  1. Impulse originates from the sinoatrial (SA) node in the right atrium and spreads across the atria causing them to contract
  2. The impulse passes to the atrioventricular (AV) node, travels along the AV bundle into its two branches, the right and left crus, and spreads into the ventricles causing them to contract
  3. Dissipation of the impulse causes the atria and ventricles to relax or dilate
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22
Q

what is the pathway of cardiac conduction? (8 steps)

A
  1. Sinoatrial (SA) node
  2. Interatrial septum
  3. Atrioventricular (AV) node
  4. Atrioventricular (AV) bundle (bundle of His)
  5. Right crus
  6. Left crus
  7. Interventricular septum
  8. Purkinje’s fibers
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23
Q

what does the p-wave represent? *

A

Depolarization of both atria before atria contract

24
Q

what does the P-R segment represent?

A

The electrical transmission from the atria to ventricles

25
Q

what does the QRS complex represent? *

A

Electrical changes from ventricular depolarization before ventricles contract

R indicates the initial positive deflection

Q indicates the negative deflection before the R-wave

S indicates the negative deflection following the R-wave

26
Q

what does the S-T segment represent?

A

The earlier phase of repolarization that extends from the end of the QRS to the start of the T-wave

27
Q

what does the T-wave represent? *

A

Repolarization of both ventricles during ventricular diastole

28
Q

what does the Q-T interval represent?

A

Ventricular depolarization and repolarization

29
Q

which phase of an ECG is able to detect heart issues?

A

ST segment, if elevated it may indicate a blockage

30
Q

what are 3 characteristics of myocardial metabolism?

A

Relies almost exclusively on aerobic energy release

Contains greatest mitochondrial concentration of all tissues

Glucose, fatty acids, and lactate from glycolysis in skeletal muscle provide myocardial energy

31
Q

where does majority of myocardial energy come at rest and during exercise?

A

At rest, free fatty acids

During exercise, oxidizing circulating lactate

32
Q

what is the percentage of max heart rate that indicates moderate exercise?

A

75% max heart rate

33
Q

what is the percentage of max heart rate that indicates intense exercise?

A

> 85% max heart rate

34
Q

what is the rate-pressure product (RPP)?

A

Estimate of myocardial workload and VO2

35
Q

what is the equation for rate-pressure product (RPP)? *

A

RPP = product of peak (SBP) x heart rate (HR)

36
Q

what are characteristics of the arterial system?

A

High pressure tubing that propels oxygen-rich blood to tissues

Comprised of layers of connective tissue and smooth muscle

37
Q

what is blood pressure?

A

The force of blood against arterial walls during a cardiac cycle

38
Q

what does arterial blood pressure represent?

A

The combined effects of arterial blood flow per minute and resistance to flow in peripheral vasculature

39
Q

what type of exercise can improve athletic performance and create new blood vessels?

A

High intensity interval training

40
Q

what is the equation for blood pressure? *

A

Blood pressure = cardiac output x total peripheral resistance (TPR)

41
Q

what is systolic blood pressure (SBP)?

A

Provides an estimate of work of heart and force blood exerts against arterial walls during systole

42
Q

what is diastolic blood pressure (DBP)?

A

Relaxation phase of cardiac cycle

Indicates peripheral resistance or ease that blood flows from arterioles into capillaries

43
Q

what is mean arterial pressure (MAP)? *

A

Average force exerted by blood against arterial wall during cardiac cycle

44
Q

what are metarterioles?

A

Smaller and less muscular vessels that branch from arterioles

End in small blood vessels called capillaries that contain 6% of total blood volume

45
Q

what are characteristics of capillaries?

A

Exchange site

A single layer of rolled up endothelial cells

Narrow, only one blood cell can squeeze through at a time

46
Q

what is the life span for red blood cells?

A

20-70 days

47
Q

what happens to red blood cells during HIIT?

A

The old red blood cells are destroyed so that the nice red blood cells are used

48
Q

what are the 3 intrinsic controls?

A
  1. endothelium derived substances
  2. myogenic response to stretch
  3. metabolic factors
49
Q

what are the 2 extrinsic controls?

A
  1. Neural (ex. Norepinephrine)

2. Hormonal (ex. Angiotensin II)

50
Q

what is the function of sphincter constriction and relaxation?

A

Provides a means for blood flow regulation within a specific tissue to meet metabolic requirements

51
Q

what are 2 factors that trigger precapillary sphincter relaxation to open more capillaries? **

A
  1. driving force of increased local blood pressure plus intrinsic neural control
  2. local metabolites produced in exercise (metaboreflex)
52
Q

what is the metaboreflex? *

A

an autonomic reflex that signals the supply of O2 and nutrients, not meeting the demand of tissue, the signal causes the sphincter to open up causing vasodilation

53
Q

what is the body’s largest vein and what is its function?

A

Inferior vena cava

Returns blood to the right atrium from the abdomen, pelvis, and lower extremities

54
Q

how is blood able to return back to the heart?

A

Veins contain one way valves that allow blood to flow in one direction towards the heart

The alternating compression and relaxation of veins and one-way valves provide a “milking” action that propels blood back to the heart

55
Q

what is hypertension?

A

Systolic or diastolic pressure that exceeds recommended values

56
Q

what are the effects of hypertension if left untreated?

A

Can lead to arteriosclerosis, heart disease, stroke, and kidney failure

Artery becomes resistant to blood flow because of arterial hardening with fatty material in walls and neural hyperactivity or kidney malfunction

57
Q

what are 5 effective treatment options for hypertension?

A
  1. Lose excessive weight
  2. Follow a DASH diet
  3. Daily physical activity
  4. Limit sodium
  5. Limit alcohol

Exercise Physiology (6 decks)

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