chapter 15 Flashcards
what are the oldest fossils
stromatolies
how do you define stromatolies
layered sedimentary rocks produced by photosynthetic bacteria
photosynthetic bacteria or cyanobacteria is also known as what
prokaryotes
are prokaryotes multicellular or unicellular
unicellular
small organic molecules are known as what
monomers
what are monomers or small organic molecules
amino acids and nitrogenous bases
where do monomers arise from
inorganic compounds
what is the first step of the formation of a simple cell
small organic molecules(monomers)
what is the 2nd step to formation of a simple cell
small organic molecules formed macromolecules
what are macromolecules
proteins and nucleic acids
what also occurs in the 2nd step of a simple cell
dehydration synthesis
what is dehydration synthesis
means to remove water; also make big molecule from small molecule
what is the 3rd step of a simple cell
macromolecules were packed into protocols
what are protocells
membrane bound “bubbles”
protocells are also known as
protobionts
what is the 4th step of a simple cell
self-replicating molecules
what did self-replicating molecules make possible
made inheritance possible
what was early atmosphere
mostly co2 and o2
what else was found in early atmosphere
water vapor (h20), hydrogen(h2), nitrogen(n2) and helium(he gases)
In stanley and ureys experiment what was the lower chamber
“early ocean”- heated water
was the upper chamber the early atmosphere or early ocean
“early atmosphere”
what is the “early atmosphere”
mixture of water vapor and other gases (methane, amonia and hydrogen)
what did miller and urey suggest
that it was possible for small organic molecules(monomers) to form spontaneously from inorganic molecules
what comes first RNA or DNA
RNA
why does RNA come first?
a collection of monomers or ribonucleotides forming phosphodiester bonds can assemble spontaneously without cells or enzymes in the test tube
what molecules can spontaneously assemble
complementary RNA molecules
when one RNA strand forms hydrogen bonds with another RNA strand
complementary RNA
What type of bonds are covalent
peptide bonds and phosphodiester bonds
what do RNA molecules act as
enzymes
enzymes are also known as
ribozymes
what speeds up chemical reaction
enzymes
ribozymes is also known as
peptidyl transferase
where is peptidyl found?
in the larger ribosomal subunit that catalyzes the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids
what type of bond is peptide bond
covalent bonds
what cell was formed first
unicellular prokaryotes
bacteria and archea are found in what types of cells
unicellular prokaryotes
unicellular prokaryotes evolved into what
multicellular organisms
yeast and protist are found in what types of cell
unicellular eukaryotes
what is found in multicellular eukaryotes
animals, plants, all other fungi and some protist
what are earth worms and jelly fish
invertebrates(no backbone)
what are hard bodied invertebrates
snails and horseshoe crabs
what has external shells made of CaC03(calcium carbonate)
snails
what has exoskeleton made of chitin
horse shoe crabs
fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals are examples of what
vertebrates(have backbone)
what was the first vertebrae
fish
what did reptiles evolve into
birds and mammals
how did plants evolve
seedless(oldest)…gymnosperms…angiosperms(most diverse)
moses and ferns are what
seedless plants(lack seeds)
what bears seeds inside of cones
gymnosperms (cone-bearing plants) ; pine cones
roses, grass and orchids are known as what
angiosperms(have seeds)
what do flowering plants produce
flowers and fruits
what eon do we currently live in
phanerozoic eon
without oxygen
anerobic prokaryotes
with oxygen
aerobic prokaryotes
what are the steps of prokaryotes and eukaryotes
anerobic prokaryotes, aerobic prokaryotes, anarobic eukaryotes, aerobic eukaryotes
what occurs the longer the fossil is dead
the more c14 decreases
radioactive isotope
c14
what are the 4 types of eons
phanerozoic, proterozoic,archaean, hadean
how are they seperated
eons to eras to periods to epoch
what are we currently living in
phanerozoic eons, cenozoic, quaterly and holocene
what means all land
pangea “super continent”
how were all 7 continents brought together then pulled apart again
continental drift
in the process of the continental drift
movements in the mantel cause plates to move around
geological events forms when
edge one plate is being pushed against the edge of the neighboring plate
what can a continental drift cause
earthquake
what is an example of continental drift
San Andreas Fault in California
what was suggested when Pangea was still intact
the presence of different species of fossiled lung fishes on different continents
what leads to a burst in species diversity
mass extinction
what allows certain organisms to thrive
due to extinction of predators or a change in environment, food sources
what is the evolutionary history of a group of organisms
phylogeny
what is the phylogenetic trees
diagram how different species are related to each other
how are trees built
based on the classification of organisms
what was designed by Carl Linnaeus
binomial system
the genus to which organisms belong
Homo
the particular species within that genus to which the organism belongs
sapiens
wise men; humans
example of Homo sapiens
what are the 4 kingdoms of Eukaryotes
animals, plantae, protista and fungi
what is the largest/ most inclusive classification
domain
what is the smallest and least inclusive classification
species
what is the order of the biological classification
domain=dear kingdom=king phylum=philliph class=came order=over family=for genius=good species=soup
what are the 3 domains in the levels of biological classification
eukaryotes, bacteria and archea
what does members of the same class have
more shared traits than members of the same phylum
what do they have less shared traits than
members of the same order
why are long tailed weasels and euro otter more closely related than long tailed weasel and domestic cat
because they belong to the same family and members of the same family have more traits in common than members of different families
what is considered as all animals
heterotrophs
what eats autotrophs
herbivores
what are examples of plants and algae photosynthetic
autotrophs
eat other heterotrophs
carnivores
eat both plants and animals
omnivores
bears, pigs and raccoons are examples of what
omnivores
eat decomposing organisms
detritivores
earthworms and milpeds are examples of what
detritivores
what are the 4 stages that animals digest their food
ingestion, digestion, absorption and elimination
the act of eating is known as
ingestion
when food is broken down to molecules small enough for the body to be absorbed
digestion
what physically breaks down food from chewing
mechanical digestion
when macromolecules are broken down to micromolecules with h20 and enzymes
chemical digestion(hydrolysis)
products of digestion are absorbed into the blood
absorption
when undigested and unabsorbed food is eliminated from the body in the form of feces
elimination
what do humans start to digest in the mouth
starches and glycogen(carbs)
all 4 macromolecules are what
digested
what are the 4 macromolecules
nucleic acids, proteins, carbs and lipids
DNA AND RNA are known as what
nucleic acids
where do we digest all 4 macromolecules in the body
in our small intestines
where are proteins digested
in our stomachs
what is the enzyme for proteins
protease
what does the enzymes protease break down
amino acids
what is destroyed when amino acids are broken down by protease
peptide bonds
what is unique to proteins
peptide bonds
what type of bond is a peptide bond
covalent
what is the digesting enzyme for carbohydrate
maltase
maltase is used to break down what
polysaccharides and disaccharides to monosaccharides
maltase breaks down maltose to what 2 molecules
2 glucose molecules
what is destroyed by carbohydrate enzymes
glycosidic bonds
what type of bonds are glycosidic bonds
covalent
what is the digesting enzyme for nucleic acids
nucleases
nucleases are used t break down what
nucleic acids to nucleotides
what is destroyed by nucleic acid enzyme
phosphodiester bonds
what are phosphodiester bonds unique to
nucleic acids
what type of bond is nucleic acid
covalent
what is the fat digesting enzyme
lipase
lipase enzymes are used to break down what
triglyceride is digested by lipase to glycerol to fatty acids
What causes salivary glands to be activated
when humans smell food
when humans smell food it causes them to do what
secrete saliva
what are the 2 steps of the salivary glands
- moisten and lubricate food
2. contains antibacterial agent and amylase
what is the enzyme that kills most of ingested bacteria
amylase
what digest starches and glycogen
salivary amylase
what step occurs from the mouth to the stomach
tongue folds the food in the mouth to the bolus
chewed food is known as
bolus
after it is chewed by the bolus then what happens
moves toward the pharynx
what prevents food from going into the trachea
pharynx
what is a small flap of tissue that stops food from going into the trachea
epiglottis
known as the windpipe
trachea
what does the esophagus move a bolus of food through
peristalsis
rhythmic waves of smooth muscle contractions (we can’t control)
peristalsis is known as
where does digestion NOT occur in humans
pharynx and esophagus
hormone produced by stomach that stimulate other stomach cells to release gastric juice
gastrin
protects the stomach from HCL
mucus
what does HCL do
kills many ingested bacteria
pepsin enzyme that digest proteins in the stomach
pepsinogin
mixture of partially digested food and gastric juice(stomach)
chyme(bolus)
whats living in your stomach?
H.pylori and mucous layer of stomach & exposing underlying tissues to HCL
What is bacteria that causes ulcers, creating holes in the mucous
H.pylori
what occurs in the small intestines
digestion of food and nutrient absorption
what does the small intestine consist of
duodenum, jejunum and ileum
what part of the small intestine functions digestion
duodenum
what part of the small intestine functions absorption
jejunum and ileum
where chyme mixes with digestive juices from the pancreas, liver and gallbladder
duodenum
what accessory organs helps with digestion
- salivary glands
- gallbladder
- liver
- pancreas
what does the pancreas produce
pancreatic juice
what does pancreatic juice contain
digestive enzymes
are 4 macro molecules are found where
in digestive enzymes
neutralizes acidic chyme; buffer that neutralizes chyme making it basic
bicarbonate
what two hormones control blood glucose levels
insulin and glucagon
what is neither a hormone or enzyme
bile
what does liver produce
liver produces bile
where is bile stored until it is needed
gallbladder
what breaks up fats into small droplets that are more susceptible to attack by lipase
bile salts
majority of enzymes are made by pancreas, but used in the duodenum of the small intestine
digestive enzymes
what are used in the duodenum
pancreatic amylase, trypsin chymotrypsin, nuclease and lipase
what is made by the small intestine
maltase, sucrase, lactase and various peptidases
how do humans digest carbohydrates
in the mouth (salivary amylase) and in the small intestines (pancreatic amylase, lactose, maltose and sucrose)
how do humans digest proteins
in the stomach (pepsin) and small intestines(trypsin, chymotrypsin and various peptidases
how do humans digest lipids
in the small intestine (bile and lipase)
how do humans digest nucleic acids
in the small intestines (nucleases:DNase and RNase )
what is the structure of the small intestine
epithelial wall is covered with villi (finger like projections)
what is villli covered by
microvilli
greatly increase surface area for absorption
villi and microvilli
what is underneath and within villi
lymph and blood vessels
carried by lymph vessels
lymph
group of organisms of the same species living in the same place
population
all the population of different species living in a particular area
community
ecosystem
community and physical environment
biosphere
all earths ecosystem
what does hydrogen atom have
1 proton 1 electron but no neuton
in electrically neutral atom the number of electrons equals what
the number of protons
postitive charge
protons
no charge
neutrons
negative charge
electrons
atoms with the same number of protons and electrons but different number of neutrons
isotopes
unstable and used to predict the age of fossils
carbon-14
smallest unit of an element
atom
group of 2 or more atoms
molecule
specialized part of the cell with its own specific function
organelle
fundamental of life
cell
group of similar cells that perform a specific function
tissue
body structure composed of several different tissues
organ
group of organs working together to perform a certain task
organ system
complete living thing
organism
what is only involved in chemical activity of an atom
electrons
occur in energy level called electron shells
electrons
atoms or molecules with an electrical charge resulting from the gain or loss of electrons
ions
positively charged ions resulting from the loss of electrons
cations
negatively charged ions resulting from the gain of electrons
anions
atoms react with each other by sharing, donating or receiving electrons from/with each other
chemical bonds
form between atoms that equally share their outer shell electrons
non polar covalent bonds
form between atoms that unequally share their outer shell electrons due to substantial difference in electronegativities
polar covalent bonds
form between atoms which share one or more pairs of their outer shell electrons
covalent bonds
form between oppositely charged ions (cations and anions)
ionic bonds
form between H atom of one molecule and oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine atom of another molecule
hydrogen bond
more hydrogen ion than hydroxide ion
acidic solution
more hydroxide ion than hydrogen ion
basic solution
what are different types of covalent bonds
peptide bonds
glycosidic bonds
phosphodiester bonds
what are macromolecules
proteins
carbohydrates
lipids
nucleic acids
group of atoms in macromolecules that determine how macromolecules work
functional group
forms a new bond
dehydration reaction
breaks a covalent bond to create 2 smaller molecules by breaking down bigger one
hydrolysis
what is simple carbohydrate or “simple sugars”
monosaccarides
building blocks of dissacharides & polysaccharides
monosaccarides
how do disaccharide form
through dehydration
water is removed to create discacharrides from 2 monocharrides
dehydration
unique to sugars
glycosidic bonds
held together by glycosidic bonds
maltose
sucrose “table sugar”
glucose and fructose
lactose “milk sugar”
galactose and glucose
many glucose molecules held together by by glycosidic links
polysaccharides
only found in plants
polysaccharides
store energy in plants
starch
stores energy in animals
glycogen
provide structural support in plants and found in plants cell wall
cellulose
what are proteins made of
many amino acids
building blocks of proteins
amino acids
many amino acids form what
polypeptide
proteins are made of what
one or more polypeptides
shape of protein determines what
specific functions
proteins shape depends on 4 levels of structure
primary structure
secondary
tertiary
quaternary
string of amino acids held together by peptide bonds
proteins primary structure
results from folding or coiling of primary structure … has ionic bonds
secondary
3d shape of polypeptide which results from interaction between R groups of various amino acids
tertiary
form between positively and negatively charged amino acids
ionic bonds
forms between sulfur atoms of adjacent cysteine amino acids
disulfide bond
if a protein is made of a single polypeptide it becomes functional by reaching
its tertiary structure
process in which proteins unfolds because of exposure to heat, wrong PH or chemicals (not functional)
denaturation
in denaturation proteins lose what
4th, 3rd and 2nd structure if it is made of 2 or more polypeptides
proteins loses its 3rd and 2nd structure if
it is made of just 1 polypeptide
if a protein is made of 2 or more polypeptides it becomes what
functional by reaching its quaternary structure
DNA and RNA are held together by what
phosphodiester bonds
phosphodiester bonds are what
polar covalent bonds that are unique to DNA and RNA
nitrogenous bases are held together forming what
hydrogen bonds
where is cytoskeleton found
inside all eukaryote cells
membrane-bound organelles that carry out cellular respiration in all eukaryotic cells
mitochondria
peroxisomes
contains enzymes that produce hydrogen peroxide snd enzymes that split hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen
break down fatty acids
break down food and bacteria
lysosomes
packaging, distribution and additional processing of molecules
golgi apparatus
synthesizes and modifies proteins
rough er
synthesis lipids, oils, steroids and phospholipids
stores ca2+ in the muscle cells
detoxifies drugs and poison in liver cells
smooth ER
non membrane bound organelles involved in the cells protein synthesis
ribosomes
contains most of the cells DNA and RNA
nucleus
what do animal cells lack
cell wall made of cellulose
has nucleous
eukaryotes
