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chapter 15 > chapter 15 > Flashcards

chapter 15 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the oldest fossils

A

stromatolies

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2
Q

how do you define stromatolies

A

layered sedimentary rocks produced by photosynthetic bacteria

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3
Q

photosynthetic bacteria or cyanobacteria is also known as what

A

prokaryotes

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4
Q

are prokaryotes multicellular or unicellular

A

unicellular

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5
Q

small organic molecules are known as what

A

monomers

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6
Q

what are monomers or small organic molecules

A

amino acids and nitrogenous bases

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7
Q

where do monomers arise from

A

inorganic compounds

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8
Q

what is the first step of the formation of a simple cell

A

small organic molecules(monomers)

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9
Q

what is the 2nd step to formation of a simple cell

A

small organic molecules formed macromolecules

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10
Q

what are macromolecules

A

proteins and nucleic acids

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11
Q

what also occurs in the 2nd step of a simple cell

A

dehydration synthesis

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12
Q

what is dehydration synthesis

A

means to remove water; also make big molecule from small molecule

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13
Q

what is the 3rd step of a simple cell

A

macromolecules were packed into protocols

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14
Q

what are protocells

A

membrane bound “bubbles”

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15
Q

protocells are also known as

A

protobionts

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16
Q

what is the 4th step of a simple cell

A

self-replicating molecules

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17
Q

what did self-replicating molecules make possible

A

made inheritance possible

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18
Q

what was early atmosphere

A

mostly co2 and o2

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19
Q

what else was found in early atmosphere

A

water vapor (h20), hydrogen(h2), nitrogen(n2) and helium(he gases)

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20
Q

In stanley and ureys experiment what was the lower chamber

A

“early ocean”- heated water

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21
Q

was the upper chamber the early atmosphere or early ocean

A

“early atmosphere”

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22
Q

what is the “early atmosphere”

A

mixture of water vapor and other gases (methane, amonia and hydrogen)

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23
Q

what did miller and urey suggest

A

that it was possible for small organic molecules(monomers) to form spontaneously from inorganic molecules

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24
Q

what comes first RNA or DNA

A

RNA

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25
Q

why does RNA come first?

A

a collection of monomers or ribonucleotides forming phosphodiester bonds can assemble spontaneously without cells or enzymes in the test tube

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26
Q

what molecules can spontaneously assemble

A

complementary RNA molecules

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27
Q

when one RNA strand forms hydrogen bonds with another RNA strand

A

complementary RNA

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28
Q

What type of bonds are covalent

A

peptide bonds and phosphodiester bonds

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29
Q

what do RNA molecules act as

A

enzymes

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30
Q

enzymes are also known as

A

ribozymes

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31
Q

what speeds up chemical reaction

A

enzymes

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32
Q

ribozymes is also known as

A

peptidyl transferase

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33
Q

where is peptidyl found?

A

in the larger ribosomal subunit that catalyzes the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids

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34
Q

what type of bond is peptide bond

A

covalent bonds

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35
Q

what cell was formed first

A

unicellular prokaryotes

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36
Q

bacteria and archea are found in what types of cells

A

unicellular prokaryotes

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37
Q

unicellular prokaryotes evolved into what

A

multicellular organisms

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38
Q

yeast and protist are found in what types of cell

A

unicellular eukaryotes

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39
Q

what is found in multicellular eukaryotes

A

animals, plants, all other fungi and some protist

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40
Q

what are earth worms and jelly fish

A

invertebrates(no backbone)

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41
Q

what are hard bodied invertebrates

A

snails and horseshoe crabs

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42
Q

what has external shells made of CaC03(calcium carbonate)

A

snails

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43
Q

what has exoskeleton made of chitin

A

horse shoe crabs

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44
Q

fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals are examples of what

A

vertebrates(have backbone)

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45
Q

what was the first vertebrae

A

fish

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46
Q

what did reptiles evolve into

A

birds and mammals

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47
Q

how did plants evolve

A

seedless(oldest)…gymnosperms…angiosperms(most diverse)

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48
Q

moses and ferns are what

A

seedless plants(lack seeds)

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49
Q

what bears seeds inside of cones

A

gymnosperms (cone-bearing plants) ; pine cones

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50
Q

roses, grass and orchids are known as what

A

angiosperms(have seeds)

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51
Q

what do flowering plants produce

A

flowers and fruits

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52
Q

what eon do we currently live in

A

phanerozoic eon

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53
Q

without oxygen

A

anerobic prokaryotes

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54
Q

with oxygen

A

aerobic prokaryotes

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55
Q

what are the steps of prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A

anerobic prokaryotes, aerobic prokaryotes, anarobic eukaryotes, aerobic eukaryotes

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56
Q

what occurs the longer the fossil is dead

A

the more c14 decreases

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57
Q

radioactive isotope

A

c14

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58
Q

what are the 4 types of eons

A

phanerozoic, proterozoic,archaean, hadean

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59
Q

how are they seperated

A

eons to eras to periods to epoch

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60
Q

what are we currently living in

A

phanerozoic eons, cenozoic, quaterly and holocene

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61
Q

what means all land

A

pangea “super continent”

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62
Q

how were all 7 continents brought together then pulled apart again

A

continental drift

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63
Q

in the process of the continental drift

A

movements in the mantel cause plates to move around

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64
Q

geological events forms when

A

edge one plate is being pushed against the edge of the neighboring plate

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65
Q

what can a continental drift cause

A

earthquake

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66
Q

what is an example of continental drift

A

San Andreas Fault in California

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67
Q

what was suggested when Pangea was still intact

A

the presence of different species of fossiled lung fishes on different continents

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68
Q

what leads to a burst in species diversity

A

mass extinction

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69
Q

what allows certain organisms to thrive

A

due to extinction of predators or a change in environment, food sources

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70
Q

what is the evolutionary history of a group of organisms

A

phylogeny

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71
Q

what is the phylogenetic trees

A

diagram how different species are related to each other

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72
Q

how are trees built

A

based on the classification of organisms

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73
Q

what was designed by Carl Linnaeus

A

binomial system

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74
Q

the genus to which organisms belong

A

Homo

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75
Q

the particular species within that genus to which the organism belongs

A

sapiens

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76
Q

wise men; humans

A

example of Homo sapiens

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77
Q

what are the 4 kingdoms of Eukaryotes

A

animals, plantae, protista and fungi

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78
Q

what is the largest/ most inclusive classification

A

domain

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79
Q

what is the smallest and least inclusive classification

A

species

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80
Q

what is the order of the biological classification

A 
domain=dear
kingdom=king 
phylum=philliph
class=came
order=over 
family=for
genius=good
species=soup
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81
Q

what are the 3 domains in the levels of biological classification

A

eukaryotes, bacteria and archea

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82
Q

what does members of the same class have

A

more shared traits than members of the same phylum

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83
Q

what do they have less shared traits than

A

members of the same order

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84
Q

why are long tailed weasels and euro otter more closely related than long tailed weasel and domestic cat

A

because they belong to the same family and members of the same family have more traits in common than members of different families

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85
Q

what is considered as all animals

A

heterotrophs

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86
Q

what eats autotrophs

A

herbivores

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87
Q

what are examples of plants and algae photosynthetic

A

autotrophs

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88
Q

eat other heterotrophs

A

carnivores

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89
Q

eat both plants and animals

A

omnivores

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90
Q

bears, pigs and raccoons are examples of what

A

omnivores

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91
Q

eat decomposing organisms

A

detritivores

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92
Q

earthworms and milpeds are examples of what

A

detritivores

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93
Q

what are the 4 stages that animals digest their food

A

ingestion, digestion, absorption and elimination

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94
Q

the act of eating is known as

A

ingestion

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95
Q

when food is broken down to molecules small enough for the body to be absorbed

A

digestion

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96
Q

what physically breaks down food from chewing

A

mechanical digestion

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97
Q

when macromolecules are broken down to micromolecules with h20 and enzymes

A

chemical digestion(hydrolysis)

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98
Q

products of digestion are absorbed into the blood

A

absorption

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99
Q

when undigested and unabsorbed food is eliminated from the body in the form of feces

A

elimination

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100
Q

what do humans start to digest in the mouth

A

starches and glycogen(carbs)

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101
Q

all 4 macromolecules are what

A

digested

102
Q

what are the 4 macromolecules

A

nucleic acids, proteins, carbs and lipids

103
Q

DNA AND RNA are known as what

A

nucleic acids

104
Q

where do we digest all 4 macromolecules in the body

A

in our small intestines

105
Q

where are proteins digested

A

in our stomachs

106
Q

what is the enzyme for proteins

A

protease

107
Q

what does the enzymes protease break down

A

amino acids

108
Q

what is destroyed when amino acids are broken down by protease

A

peptide bonds

109
Q

what is unique to proteins

A

peptide bonds

110
Q

what type of bond is a peptide bond

A

covalent

111
Q

what is the digesting enzyme for carbohydrate

A

maltase

112
Q

maltase is used to break down what

A

polysaccharides and disaccharides to monosaccharides

113
Q

maltase breaks down maltose to what 2 molecules

A

2 glucose molecules

114
Q

what is destroyed by carbohydrate enzymes

A

glycosidic bonds

115
Q

what type of bonds are glycosidic bonds

A

covalent

116
Q

what is the digesting enzyme for nucleic acids

A

nucleases

117
Q

nucleases are used t break down what

A

nucleic acids to nucleotides

118
Q

what is destroyed by nucleic acid enzyme

A

phosphodiester bonds

119
Q

what are phosphodiester bonds unique to

A

nucleic acids

120
Q

what type of bond is nucleic acid

A

covalent

121
Q

what is the fat digesting enzyme

A

lipase

122
Q

lipase enzymes are used to break down what

A

triglyceride is digested by lipase to glycerol to fatty acids

123
Q

What causes salivary glands to be activated

A

when humans smell food

124
Q

when humans smell food it causes them to do what

A

secrete saliva

125
Q

what are the 2 steps of the salivary glands

A
  1. moisten and lubricate food

2. contains antibacterial agent and amylase

126
Q

what is the enzyme that kills most of ingested bacteria

A

amylase

127
Q

what digest starches and glycogen

A

salivary amylase

128
Q

what step occurs from the mouth to the stomach

A

tongue folds the food in the mouth to the bolus

129
Q

chewed food is known as

A

bolus

130
Q

after it is chewed by the bolus then what happens

A

moves toward the pharynx

131
Q

what prevents food from going into the trachea

A

pharynx

132
Q

what is a small flap of tissue that stops food from going into the trachea

A

epiglottis

133
Q

known as the windpipe

A

trachea

134
Q

what does the esophagus move a bolus of food through

A

peristalsis

135
Q

rhythmic waves of smooth muscle contractions (we can’t control)

A

peristalsis is known as

136
Q

where does digestion NOT occur in humans

A

pharynx and esophagus

137
Q

hormone produced by stomach that stimulate other stomach cells to release gastric juice

A

gastrin

138
Q

protects the stomach from HCL

A

mucus

139
Q

what does HCL do

A

kills many ingested bacteria

140
Q

pepsin enzyme that digest proteins in the stomach

A

pepsinogin

141
Q

mixture of partially digested food and gastric juice(stomach)

A

chyme(bolus)

142
Q

whats living in your stomach?

A

H.pylori and mucous layer of stomach & exposing underlying tissues to HCL

143
Q

What is bacteria that causes ulcers, creating holes in the mucous

A

H.pylori

144
Q

what occurs in the small intestines

A

digestion of food and nutrient absorption

145
Q

what does the small intestine consist of

A

duodenum, jejunum and ileum

146
Q

what part of the small intestine functions digestion

A

duodenum

147
Q

what part of the small intestine functions absorption

A

jejunum and ileum

148
Q

where chyme mixes with digestive juices from the pancreas, liver and gallbladder

A

duodenum

149
Q

what accessory organs helps with digestion

A
  • salivary glands
  • gallbladder
  • liver
  • pancreas
150
Q

what does the pancreas produce

A

pancreatic juice

151
Q

what does pancreatic juice contain

A

digestive enzymes

152
Q

are 4 macro molecules are found where

A

in digestive enzymes

153
Q

neutralizes acidic chyme; buffer that neutralizes chyme making it basic

A

bicarbonate

154
Q

what two hormones control blood glucose levels

A

insulin and glucagon

155
Q

what is neither a hormone or enzyme

A

bile

156
Q

what does liver produce

A

liver produces bile

157
Q

where is bile stored until it is needed

A

gallbladder

158
Q

what breaks up fats into small droplets that are more susceptible to attack by lipase

A

bile salts

159
Q

majority of enzymes are made by pancreas, but used in the duodenum of the small intestine

A

digestive enzymes

160
Q

what are used in the duodenum

A

pancreatic amylase, trypsin chymotrypsin, nuclease and lipase

161
Q

what is made by the small intestine

A

maltase, sucrase, lactase and various peptidases

162
Q

how do humans digest carbohydrates

A

in the mouth (salivary amylase) and in the small intestines (pancreatic amylase, lactose, maltose and sucrose)

163
Q

how do humans digest proteins

A

in the stomach (pepsin) and small intestines(trypsin, chymotrypsin and various peptidases

164
Q

how do humans digest lipids

A

in the small intestine (bile and lipase)

165
Q

how do humans digest nucleic acids

A

in the small intestines (nucleases:DNase and RNase )

166
Q

what is the structure of the small intestine

A

epithelial wall is covered with villi (finger like projections)

167
Q

what is villli covered by

A

microvilli

168
Q

greatly increase surface area for absorption

A

villi and microvilli

169
Q

what is underneath and within villi

A

lymph and blood vessels

170
Q

carried by lymph vessels

A

lymph

171
Q

group of organisms of the same species living in the same place

A

population

172
Q

all the population of different species living in a particular area

A

community

173
Q

ecosystem

A

community and physical environment

174
Q

biosphere

A

all earths ecosystem

175
Q

what does hydrogen atom have

A

1 proton 1 electron but no neuton

176
Q

in electrically neutral atom the number of electrons equals what

A

the number of protons

177
Q

postitive charge

A

protons

178
Q

no charge

A

neutrons

179
Q

negative charge

A

electrons

180
Q

atoms with the same number of protons and electrons but different number of neutrons

A

isotopes

181
Q

unstable and used to predict the age of fossils

A

carbon-14

182
Q

smallest unit of an element

A

atom

183
Q

group of 2 or more atoms

A

molecule

184
Q

specialized part of the cell with its own specific function

A

organelle

185
Q

fundamental of life

A

cell

186
Q

group of similar cells that perform a specific function

A

tissue

187
Q

body structure composed of several different tissues

A

organ

188
Q

group of organs working together to perform a certain task

A

organ system

189
Q

complete living thing

A

organism

190
Q

what is only involved in chemical activity of an atom

A

electrons

191
Q

occur in energy level called electron shells

A

electrons

192
Q

atoms or molecules with an electrical charge resulting from the gain or loss of electrons

A

ions

193
Q

positively charged ions resulting from the loss of electrons

A

cations

194
Q

negatively charged ions resulting from the gain of electrons

A

anions

195
Q

atoms react with each other by sharing, donating or receiving electrons from/with each other

A

chemical bonds

196
Q

form between atoms that equally share their outer shell electrons

A

non polar covalent bonds

197
Q

form between atoms that unequally share their outer shell electrons due to substantial difference in electronegativities

A

polar covalent bonds

198
Q

form between atoms which share one or more pairs of their outer shell electrons

A

covalent bonds

199
Q

form between oppositely charged ions (cations and anions)

A

ionic bonds

200
Q

form between H atom of one molecule and oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine atom of another molecule

A

hydrogen bond

201
Q

more hydrogen ion than hydroxide ion

A

acidic solution

202
Q

more hydroxide ion than hydrogen ion

A

basic solution

203
Q

what are different types of covalent bonds

A

peptide bonds
glycosidic bonds
phosphodiester bonds

204
Q

what are macromolecules

A

proteins
carbohydrates
lipids
nucleic acids

205
Q

group of atoms in macromolecules that determine how macromolecules work

A

functional group

206
Q

forms a new bond

A

dehydration reaction

207
Q

breaks a covalent bond to create 2 smaller molecules by breaking down bigger one

A

hydrolysis

208
Q

what is simple carbohydrate or “simple sugars”

A

monosaccarides

209
Q

building blocks of dissacharides & polysaccharides

A

monosaccarides

210
Q

how do disaccharide form

A

through dehydration

211
Q

water is removed to create discacharrides from 2 monocharrides

A

dehydration

212
Q

unique to sugars

A

glycosidic bonds

213
Q

held together by glycosidic bonds

A

maltose

214
Q

sucrose “table sugar”

A

glucose and fructose

215
Q

lactose “milk sugar”

A

galactose and glucose

216
Q

many glucose molecules held together by by glycosidic links

A

polysaccharides

217
Q

only found in plants

A

polysaccharides

218
Q

store energy in plants

A

starch

219
Q

stores energy in animals

A

glycogen

220
Q

provide structural support in plants and found in plants cell wall

A

cellulose

221
Q

what are proteins made of

A

many amino acids

222
Q

building blocks of proteins

A

amino acids

223
Q

many amino acids form what

A

polypeptide

224
Q

proteins are made of what

A

one or more polypeptides

225
Q

shape of protein determines what

A

specific functions

226
Q

proteins shape depends on 4 levels of structure

A

primary structure
secondary
tertiary
quaternary

227
Q

string of amino acids held together by peptide bonds

A

proteins primary structure

228
Q

results from folding or coiling of primary structure … has ionic bonds

A

secondary

229
Q

3d shape of polypeptide which results from interaction between R groups of various amino acids

A

tertiary

230
Q

form between positively and negatively charged amino acids

A

ionic bonds

231
Q

forms between sulfur atoms of adjacent cysteine amino acids

A

disulfide bond

232
Q

if a protein is made of a single polypeptide it becomes functional by reaching

A

its tertiary structure

233
Q

process in which proteins unfolds because of exposure to heat, wrong PH or chemicals (not functional)

A

denaturation

234
Q

in denaturation proteins lose what

A

4th, 3rd and 2nd structure if it is made of 2 or more polypeptides

235
Q

proteins loses its 3rd and 2nd structure if

A

it is made of just 1 polypeptide

236
Q

if a protein is made of 2 or more polypeptides it becomes what

A

functional by reaching its quaternary structure

237
Q

DNA and RNA are held together by what

A

phosphodiester bonds

238
Q

phosphodiester bonds are what

A

polar covalent bonds that are unique to DNA and RNA

239
Q

nitrogenous bases are held together forming what

A

hydrogen bonds

240
Q

where is cytoskeleton found

A

inside all eukaryote cells

241
Q

membrane-bound organelles that carry out cellular respiration in all eukaryotic cells

A

mitochondria

242
Q

peroxisomes

A

contains enzymes that produce hydrogen peroxide snd enzymes that split hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen

break down fatty acids

243
Q

break down food and bacteria

A

lysosomes

244
Q

packaging, distribution and additional processing of molecules

A

golgi apparatus

245
Q

synthesizes and modifies proteins

A

rough er

246
Q

synthesis lipids, oils, steroids and phospholipids

stores ca2+ in the muscle cells

detoxifies drugs and poison in liver cells

A

smooth ER

247
Q

non membrane bound organelles involved in the cells protein synthesis

A

ribosomes

248
Q

contains most of the cells DNA and RNA

A

nucleus

249
Q

what do animal cells lack

A

cell wall made of cellulose

250
Q

has nucleous

A

eukaryotes

chapter 15 (1 decks)

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