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Psychology 102 > Chapter 15 > Flashcards

Chapter 15 Flashcards

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1
Q

Psychological disorders

A

marked by clinically significant disturbance in cognition by emotion regulation or behaviour

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2
Q

Yesterdays prodedures

A

-people receive brutal treatments such as trephination

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3
Q

Trephination treatment

A

the treatment of drilling holes into peoples skulls with the idea that evil spirits will leave the brain

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4
Q

The medical approach

A
  • the 1800’s
  • search for physical cause of mental disorders and an effective treatment of them
  • mental illness diagnosed on basis of symptoms and treated through therapy
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5
Q

The biopsychosocial approach

A

-general approach posing that biological and social cultural factors play a role in human functioning in the context of mental illness

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6
Q

Biological influences

A
  • evolution
  • individual genes
  • brain structure and chemistry
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7
Q

Psychological influences

A
  • stress
  • trauma
  • learned helplessness
  • mood related perceptions and memories
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8
Q

Social cultural influences

A
  • roles
  • expectations
  • definitions of normality and disorder
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9
Q

diagnostic classification in psychiatry and psychology

A
  • predicts the disorders future course
  • suggest appropriate treatment
  • prompts research into its causes
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10
Q

DSM-5

A
  • american psychiatric association 5th edition

- describes disorders and estimates their occurrence

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11
Q

DSM-5 criticism

A
  • antisocial personality and generalized anxiety disorder did poorly on field tests
  • contibutes to pathologizing of every day life
  • system labels are societies values
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12
Q

DSM benefits

A
  • system helps mental health professionals communicate

- is useful in research

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13
Q

what age do people get diagnosed with ADHD

A

4-17 years old

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14
Q

key symptoms of ADHD

A
  • extreme inattention
  • hyperactivity
  • impulsivity
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15
Q

How is ADHD treated

A

with some medecines and therapies

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16
Q

What is the debate regarding ADHD

A
  • whether normal high energy is too often diagnosed as ADHD

- also whether there is a long term effect of prolonged ADHD medecine use

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17
Q

Are people with psychological disorders dangerous?

A

most people with disorders are not violent and are more likely to be victims

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18
Q

Is poverty a risk factor?

A
  • yes
  • experiences of poverty contribute to the development of psychological disorders
  • some disorders like schizophrenia can lead to poverty
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19
Q

What % of the population has generalized anxiety disorder

A

3.1%

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20
Q

What % of people have social anxiety disorder?

A

6.8%

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21
Q

what % of people have phobias?

A

8.7%

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22
Q

what % of people have depressive disorders or bipolar disorder?

A

9.5%

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23
Q

What % of people have OCD

A

1%

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24
Q

What % of people have schizophrenia

A

1.1%

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25
Q

% of people with PTSD

A

3.5%

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26
Q

% of people with ADHD

A

4.1%

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27
Q

5 risks that can increase vulnerability to mental disorders

A
  • academic failure
  • birth complications
  • chronic pain
  • chronic insomnia
  • medical illness
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28
Q

5 protective factors of mental health

A
  • aerobic exercise
  • self esteem
  • effective parenting
  • econimic indipendente
  • literacy
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29
Q

Anxiety disorder

A

are marked by distressing, peristsant anxiety

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30
Q

Generalized anxiety disorder

A

person is always tense, apprehensive, and in a state of constant autonomic nervous system arousal

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31
Q

panic disorder

A

person experiences sudden episodes of intense dread and is in constant fear of when the next attack might strike

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32
Q

phobias

A

person experiences a persistant, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object or situation

33
Q

obsessive compulsive disorder

A

characterized by persistent, repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and actions (compulsions or both

34
Q

who is OCD more common to ?

A

teens and young adults

35
Q

common obsessions among people with OCD

A
  • dirt, germs, toxins -most common-40%
  • something terrible happening-24%
  • symmetry, order, exactness-17%
36
Q

Common compulsions among OCD people?

A
  • excessive hand washing, bathing etc-85%
  • repeated rituals-51%
  • checking doors, locks, car breaks -46%
37
Q

What is PTSD?

A
  • haunting memories, nightmares, jumpy anxiety,numbmess of feeling and insomnia
  • happens for four weeks or more after a traumatic event
38
Q

who does PTSD affect?

A
  • vertrans

- survivors of accidents, disasters, and sexual assaults

39
Q

classical conditioning

A

research explains why panic prone people associate with certain cues

40
Q

stimulus generalization

A

research demonstrates how fearful event can lead to fear of similar events

41
Q

persistant depressive disorder

A

person experiences depressed mood more often than not for at least two years

42
Q

Bi polar disorder

A
  • less common

- person experiences not only depression but manic and impulsive behaviour

43
Q

The depressed Brain

A
  • brain activity slows during depression
  • less activity in left frontal lobe
  • scarcity of norepinephrine and serotonin
44
Q

Does risk of getting a mental illness increase if a family member has had mental illness

A

-yes

45
Q

twin studies with psychological disorder

A

-data reported heritability in twins of mental illness of 37%

46
Q

what do PET scans show us about bi polar disorder

A

-energy consumption rises and falls with the patients emotional switches

47
Q

psychological and social influences-social cognitive perspective

A
  • depressed people view the world and themselves negatively

- learned helplessness may exist with self depleting beliefs

48
Q

Operant conditioning (reinforcement)

A

-can help maintain a developed and generalized phobia

49
Q

Cognition-observing others

A

can contribute to development of some fears

50
Q

Cognition-interpretations and expectations

A

shape reactions

51
Q

Genes

A

genetic predisposition to anxiety, OCD, and PTSD

52
Q

The brain

A

Trauma linked to fear pathways, hyperactive danger detection, impulse control and habitual behaviour areas

53
Q

Natural selection

A

biological preparedness to fear threats-easily conditioned and difficult to extinguish

54
Q

Major depressive disorder

A

person will have symptoms of depression like depressed mood or loss of pleasure for two or more weeks

55
Q

Persistent depressive disorder

A

person experiences depressed mood for more often than not for at least two years

56
Q

bipolar condition

A
  • less common

- person experiences not only depressive manic and impulsive behaviour

57
Q

Social cognitive perspective

A
  • explores how peoples perceptions and expectations influence their perceptions
  • cycle of stressful experiences
58
Q

Cycle of depression

A

negative stressful events interpreted through-
a ruminating, pessimistic, explanitory style creates-
a hopeless depressed state that acts and fuels

59
Q

How many people does suicide involve ?

A

1 million people worldwide

60
Q

When is suicide likely to occur ?

A
  • when people feel they are disonnected from others

- when people think they are a burden to others

61
Q

non suicidal self injury NSSI

A

cutting, burning, pulling out hair, hitting oneself etc

62
Q

What 6 groups have researchers found?

A
  • national differences
  • racial differences
  • gender differences
  • age differences
  • other group differences
  • pay of the week difference
63
Q

why do people engage in NSSI?

A
  • gain relief from intense negative thoughts
  • gain attention
  • relieve guilt
  • get others to change negative behaviours (bulling, criticism)
  • to fit in
64
Q

Schizophrenia defintion

A

psychological disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, innapropriate emotional expression

65
Q

symptoms of schizophrenia

A
  • disturbed perceptions
  • disorganized thinking or speech
  • diminished and innaproriate emotions and actions
66
Q

chronic schizophrenia

A

also called process schizophrenia

67
Q

when does schizophrenia occur

A

late adolecsents or early adulthood

68
Q

does schizophrenia get worse with age?=

A
  • yes

- episodes get worse

69
Q

Acute schizophrenia

A
  • also called reactive schizophrenia
  • type of schizophrenia that can happen at any age
  • occurs often in response to traumatic events
70
Q

Brain abnormalities with schizophrenia

A
  • excess # of dopamine receptors
  • low activity in frontal lobes
  • more rapid brain tissue loss
71
Q

Odds of being diagnosed with schizophrenia without and with family history

A

1 in 100 without history

1 in 10 with

72
Q

Prenatal factors that can increase schizophrenia

A
  • low birth weight
  • lack of oxygen during delivery
  • prenatal nutrition
  • mothers getting viral infections
73
Q

Warning signs of schizophrenia

A
  • social withdrawal
  • birth complications
  • separation from parents
  • emotional unpredictability
  • childhood physical sexual abuse
74
Q

dissociative disorder

A

-concious awareness becomes separated from previous thoughts or memories

75
Q

dissociative idenity disorder

A
  • formely known as personality disrder

- where person exhibits two or more personalities

76
Q

antisocial personality disorder

A

-lack of concious for wrongdoing

77
Q

anorexia

A
  • usually in females

- mantains starvation diet despite already being underweight

78
Q

bulimia

A

alternating binge eating-purging behaviours such as vimmitng or laxative use

79
Q

Binge eating disorder

A

singificant binge eating followed by distress, disgust, or guilt

Psychology 102 (2 decks)

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