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chapter 15 Flashcards

1
Q

3 parts of the ear

A
  • external
  • middle
  • inner
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2
Q

external ear

A
  • auricle/pinna

- shape serves to funnel sound waves into external auditory canal which terminates at the TM

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3
Q

external auditory canal lined with glands that secrete

A

cerumen, a yellow, waxy material that lubricates and protects the ear.
-wax forms sticky barrier that helps keep foreign bodies from entering and reaching the TM

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4
Q

how does cerumen exit the meatus

A

movements of chewing and talking

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5
Q

TM characteristics

A
  • translucent with pearly gray color
  • prominent cone of line in the anteroinferior quadrant
  • drum is oval and slightly concave pulled at the center by malleus
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6
Q

parts of malleus

A

umbo, manubrium, short process

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7
Q

small slack superior section of the TM

A

pars flaccida

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8
Q

remainder of the drum (thicker and more taut)

A

pars tensa

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9
Q

outer fibrous rim of the drum

A

annulus

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10
Q

where lymphatic drainage of the external ear flows

A

parotid, mastoid, and superficial cervical nodes

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11
Q

middle ear auditory ossicles

A

malleus, incus, stapes

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12
Q

eustachian tube

A

connects middle ear with the nasopharynx and allows passage of air
-normally closed but opens with swallowing/yawning

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13
Q

middle ear functions (3)

A
  1. conducts sound vibrations from outer eat to the central hearing apparatus in the inner ear
  2. protects the inner ear by reducing amplitude of loud sounds
  3. eustachian tube allows equalization of air pressure on each side of the TM to prevent rupture
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14
Q

inner ear embedded in

A

bone

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15
Q

inner ear contains

A

bony labyrinth which holds the sensory organs for equilibrium and hearing

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16
Q

vestibule and semicircular canals compose the

A

vestibular apparatus

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17
Q

cochlea

A

snail shaped

central hearing appartus

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18
Q

can the inner ear be accessible to direct examination

A

no but can assess functions

19
Q

function of hearing involves auditory system at 3 levels

A
  1. peripheral
  2. brainstem
  3. cerebral cortex
20
Q

peripheral level

A

ear transmits sound and converts its vibrations into electrical impulses

21
Q

amplitude

A

how loud

22
Q

frequency

A

pitch

23
Q

how sound travels

A
  • sound waves produce vibrations on TM
  • vibrations carried out by middle ear ossicles to oval window
  • sound waves travel through cochlea and dissipated against round window
  • basilar membrane vibrates at specific point to the frequency
  • hair cells of organ of corti bend and mediate vibrations into electric impulses
  • electrical impulses conducted by CN VIII to the brainstem
  • CN VIII from each ear sends signals to both sides of brainstem
  • cortex interprets meaning of the sound and begin the appropriate response
24
Q

sensory organ of hearing

A

organ of corti

25
Q

brainstem level

A

binaural interaction permits locating the direction of a sound in space and identifying the sound

  • CN VIII from each ear sends signals to both sides of the brainstem
  • -brainstem sensitive to differences in intensity and timing of the messages from the two ears depending on the way the head is turned
26
Q

cortex

A

interprets the meaning of sound and begin the appropriate response

27
Q

normal pathway of hearing

A

air conduction

most efficient

28
Q

bone conduction

A

bones of the skull vibrate

-vibrations transmitted directly to the inner ear and to CN VIII

29
Q

hearing loss

A

anything that obstructs the transmission of sound impairs hearing

30
Q

conductive hearing loss

A

mechanical dysfunction of the external or middle ear

  • partial loss because person is able to hear if sound amplitude is increased enough
  • may be caused b y impacted cerumen, foreign bodies, perforated TM, pus or serum in the middle ear, and otosclerosis
31
Q

sensorineural loss

A

pathology of the inner ear, CN VIII, or auditory areas of the cerebral cortex
-may be caused by presbycusis or ototoxic drugs

32
Q

presbycusis

A

gradual nerve degeneration that occurs with aging

33
Q

mixed loss

A

combo of conductive and sensorineural

34
Q

equilibrium

A

3 semicircular canals/labryinth in inner ear feed info to brain about the position of body in space
-if labyrinth becomes inflames, feeds the wrong info to the brain creating a staggering gait and strong spinning/whirling sensation (vertigo)

35
Q

infant’s eustachian tube

A

shorter and wider, more horizontal

  • easier for pathogens to enter nasopharynx to migrate through to the middle ear
  • lumen easily occluded
  • greater risk for ear infections
36
Q

otosclerosis

A

gradual bone formation that causes the footplate of the stapes to become fixed in the oval window, impeding the transmission of sound and causing progressive deafness

37
Q

aging adult’s cilia

A

become coarse and stiff

  • cause cerumen to accumulate and oxidize
  • cerumen itself is drier because of atrophy of apocrine glands
38
Q

aging adult’s hearing

A

presbycusis is a gradual sensorineural loss

-first notice high-frequency tone loss; harder to hear consonants than vowels

39
Q

otitis media

A

aka middle ear infection

  • occurs because of obstruction of the eustsachian tube or passage of nasopharyngeal secretions into middle ear
  • -creates ripe environment for bacteria to grow
40
Q

risk factors predispose to acute OM

A
  • absence of breastfeeding in the first 3 months
  • exposure to SHS
  • daycare attendance
  • male sex
  • seasonality
  • bottle feeding in the supine position
41
Q

genetic variation of cerumen

A

either dry or wet

42
Q

dry cerumen

A

gray and flaky

43
Q

wet cerumen

A

honey brwon to dark brown and moist

44
Q

chromosome responsible for determining wet or dry cerumen phenotype

A

chromosome 16

assessments (4 decks)

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