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BIO 421 FINAL > Chapter 15 > Flashcards

Chapter 15 Flashcards

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1
Q

The swallowing reflex is coordinated by what?

A

medulla oblongata

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2
Q

pH in mouth

A

7 (optimal for amylase)

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3
Q

epiglottis cuts pathway to what during swallowing

A

trachea

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4
Q

Major functions of saliva?

A

lubricates food, amylase, lingual lipase, antibacterial actions, dissolves food

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5
Q

What do D cells secrete?

A

secrete somatostatin which inhibits the release of growth hormone but also inhibits gastric motility in stomach; come into play as food is leaving stomach, want to inhibit churning as it leaves the stomach; can also inhibit parietal cells from releasing ions

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6
Q

What does HCl do?

A

it inactivates activity of enzymes from mouth, and acts as antibacterial agent. IT IS NOT A DIGESTIVE ENZYME

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7
Q

Chief Cells - what do they secrete?

A

pepsinogen, and gastric lipase to digest fats

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8
Q

mucus cells also sometimes called?

A

goblet cells

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9
Q

Luminal side has ATP _______, H+ being exchanged for? Both are going against gradient. Cl- also goes against gradient to come into epithelial cell, but goes down gradient to enter lumen.

A

antiporter

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10
Q

protease

A

an enzyme that breaks down proteins and peptides

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11
Q

what is heartburn?

A

when the lower esophageal sphincter is slow to open, and the esophagus is too full

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12
Q

things absorbed by the stomach

A

aspirin, alcohol, caffeine

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13
Q

Up to 95% of the cholesterol-based bile salts are what?

A

recycled by reabsorption along the intestine

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14
Q

What do you want the pH of the small intestines to be?

A

7-8

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15
Q

Function of the liver?

A

Cecil Farms Can Pop Dat Corn

  • Carbohydrate metabolism: helps increase glucose levels by cutting carbohydrates, other amino acids cut into glucose, cut glycogen (glycogenolysis)
  • Fat storage (triglycerides) and metabolism
  • Cholesterol syn for bile salts
  • Protein synthesis to maintain blood volume (albumin)
  • Deaminate blood proteins = ATP
  • Convert ammonia to urea
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16
Q

Bile salts aid in breaking down fats, but they are not what? How do they help?

A

help emulsify (increase SA), but do not cleave fats. The non-polar side aids in emulsification, and the polar side allows water to come in with enzymes to break down. (lipases)

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17
Q

how does the liver communicate with the small intestines?

A

common bile duct

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18
Q

Gallbladder function and disorder?

A

to store bile salts, and secrete them when needed

gallstones can block passageway of bile, and become very painful

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19
Q

Process of how bile breaks down fats?

A

large fat droplet –> bile salts pull fat droplet into little emulsion droplets –> micelles –> then pancreatic lipase breaks down to fatty acids and monoglyceride –> these things are reabsorbed by the small intestines

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20
Q

Take in 1200mL water/day in food, coffee, etc and eat about 800g of solids

A

in feces 100mL of water, and 50g of solids –

the majority of the secretions and things we ingest are almost completely reabsorbed to maintain body integrity. Really we are only getting rid of 100ml water per day in feces and 50g of soldis excreted

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21
Q

Gastrin stimulated and released in response to what?

A

gastrin stimulated by amino acids, peptides in the stomach; parasympathetic nerves.

comes into stomach and stimulates acid secretion, motility, and growth (also stimulates last two things in the intestines)

22
Q

All GI hormones are what?

A

Peptide-based hormones that are fast acting bc we eat several times a day

23
Q

Bile sequence of events?

A

…

24
Q

digestive secretions from liver and pancreas are delivered into the duodenum of the SI through the

A

sphincter of Oddi

25
Q

when fat products are present in the SI, bile comes from either?

A

gallbladder or liver (depending on how much fat was consumed)

26
Q

Exocrine function of the pancreas

A

send enzymes and bicarbonate through pancreatic duct into the small intestine through sphincter of Oddi

27
Q

Pancreatic secretions can join the bile salts and enter…also some pores can allow it to enter small intestine directly

A

…

28
Q

exocrine cells of pancreas secrete?

A

enzymes: sugar enzymes: maltase, sucrase, lactase, and lipases and peptidases

also have pancreatic amylase

duct cells: bicarbonate

29
Q

endocrine cells of pancreas secrete?

A

alpha: glucagon
beta: insulin

30
Q

brush boarder of intestines have enzymes to aid in what?

A

converting pancreatic digestive enzymes to their active form. another way of saying this: pancreatic enzymes activated by luminal enzymes of small intestines

(membrane bound enterokinase)

31
Q

Secretin is stimulated by _____, and does what? Also neg feedback here, so when chyme is neutralized, secretin stops being released.

A

secretin is stimulated by acid in the SI, and signals the pancreas to secrete bicarbonate. This decreases acidity of SI, and also inhibits motility and secretion of gastric area

32
Q

CCK - receptors found where and what do they do?

A

cholecystokinin’s - released in response to amino acids, and fats in SI.

Receptors found in pancreas: tell to release enzymes

receptors found in gallbladder: contract and release bile

receptors found in sphincter of Oddi: relax

33
Q

Lactose Intolerance

A

Not enough or no lactase enzymes or it doesn’t work so lactose can’t be broken down so it stays in lumen of digestive tract and pulls water in, and diarrhea and gas result

34
Q

In SI we are able to break down the carbs into glucose because that is what we reabsorb. Proteins broken down to aa because aa is what we absorb. Fatty acids break down to glyc and mono because that’s what we reabsorb.

A

…Amylase (whether pancreatic or salivary) breaks down starches to simpler sugars. But the enzymes break down the disaccharides to glucose for absorption.

35
Q

ileocecal valve responds to

A

pressure not hormones

36
Q

sphincter of Oddi responds to

A

hormones

37
Q

Insulin’s actions?

A

lands on receptor and secondary response is activate more glucose transporters to bring glucose into three types of cells: fat cells (adipocytes), muscle cells, and liver cells.

Fat: used as energy storage in the form of triglycerides and glycerol (end product)

Muscle cells - energy, and also bring in amino acids for protein syn (building)

Liver: used to produce glycogen (energy storage)

38
Q

liver has a big role with?

A

glucose

The liver has a role in carbohydrate metabolism because it is able in increase glucose levels, can convert glucose to glycogen if glucose is too high, can concert aa into glucose. Liver has big role with glucose.

39
Q

Insulin also targets liver to say stop breaking down glycogen stores bc

A

I have new glucose that I just ate to use, but activates liver to uptake glucose and convert to glycogen

40
Q

things that increase pancreatic release of insulin from beta cells?

A

parasympathetic function, increase in blood glucose, increase in blood amino acids, GIP (glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide)

41
Q

What is GIP?

A

Glucose-dependent insulinotropic hormone. Gastrin inhibitory peptide.

Reacts to glucose and fat in the small intestines. Inhibits secretion of gastrin. Food products have moved further down, so no longer need gastrin in the stomach to aid in digestion. Increases release of insulin though.

42
Q

Glucagon in addition to being secreted from alpha cells from pancreatic islet, it is also secreted from where?

A

adrenal gland

43
Q

function of glucagon

A

tells liver that I need to break down glycogen stores. if glycogen remains low I will start producing ketones (they are acid-generating). this process also tells me to eat

44
Q

hyperglycemia

A

induced diuresis reduces blood volume to the point of hypotension and inadequate blood delivery to the brain. this happens due to glucose in kidneys working as osmotic solute pulling water in. so secreting too many fluids

45
Q

Fat cells secrete what?

A

Leptin - satiety factor that tells hypothalamus that I’m no longer hungry. If you’re overweight too much leptin produced, and hypothalamus stops reacting to it.

TNF-alpha (cytokine) - seems to increase as weight increases and results in insulin resistance

46
Q

cholesterol synthesis by the liver is up-regulated when dietary cholesterol is decreased and vice versa

A

…

47
Q

This peptide is secreted by the hypothalamus in order to tell me that I’m hungry.

A

neuropeptide Y

neuropeptide Y and leptin work together to keep appetite in normal range (antagonistic)

48
Q

Peptide hormone that causes growling of stomach

A

ghrelin

49
Q

glucagon does what to appetite?

A

suppresses it? perhaps bc glucagon is also released by adrenal gland, and other stress hormones are being released and this is suppressing appetite. also, since it increases blood glucose levels perhaps this maybe helps not feel as hungry

50
Q

Estrogen and testosterone do what to body temp?

A

increase body temp

51
Q

circadian rhythm is about a _____ cycle

A

24 hr cycle that can be shifted about 2 hrs per day

BIO 421 FINAL (3 decks)

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