Chapter 15

Question 1

Father of Immunology?

Answer 1

Edward Jenner

Question 2

1st completely effective vaccine?

Answer 2

Smallpox

Question 3

How is diphtheria/tetanus/pertussis routinely administered?

Answer 3

killed subunits

Question 4

How is polio delivered?

Answer 4

Whole killed visions

Think polio = wholio

Question 5

MMR?

Answer 5

live attenuated viruses

Question 6

Pneumococcal conjugate?

Answer 6

heptavalent/diptheria

Question 7

Haemophilus B conjugate (HiBC)

Answer 7

Diptheria protein conj.

Question 8

Hepatitis B

Answer 8

Subunit

Question 9

Rotaviurs?

Answer 9

live attenuated

Question 10

Varicella?

Answer 10

live attenuated

Question 11

Meningococcus C?

Answer 11

conjugated capsule subunit

Question 12

Influenza?

Answer 12

live attenuated or killed

Question 13

Why is meningitis vaccine delivered as a polysaccharide conjugated to a protein?

Answer 13

Because MHC’s only recognize proteins; the polysaccharide pathogen “hitches a ride” on the protein

Question 14

Features of effective vaccines?

Answer 14

Safe, protective, gives sustained protection, includes neutralizing antibodies, induces protective T cells, practical considerations (cost, biological stability, ease of administration)

Question 15

Which route of administration (mucosal or parenteral) elicits both a systemic and mucosal response?

Answer 15

Mucosal

Question 16

Vaccines must be potent enough to?

Answer 16

Supply appropriate “danger” signals- PAMPs

Question 17

Do immune responses to components of a pathogen always signify immunity?

Answer 17

NO! You must identify the protective determinants

Question 18

What are the two broad classifications of vaccines?

Answer 18

1. Whole pathogen vaccines

2. Subunit vaccines

Question 19

A substance used to enhance the adaptive immune responses to a vaccine immunogen. Co-administered with the vaccine immunogen

Answer 19

Adjuvent

Question 20

This adjuvent is very effective but too toxic for humans; only used in animals

Answer 20

Freund’s adjuvant

Question 21

This adjuvent is used often in humans; it causes delayed release of antigen and enhanced macrophage intake

Answer 21

Alum (aluminum hydroxide)

Question 22

What danger signal is typically added to Alum in order to elicit an immune response?

Answer 22

Bordetella pertussis

Question 23

This adjuvent is a matrix of lipid micelles containing the viral proteins; it delivers antigen to the cytosol to allow for induction of cytotoxic T cells

Answer 23

ISCOMs (a liposome)

Question 24

An adjuvent that is beginning to be studied; very powerful adjuvent but can be toxic

Answer 24

Bacterial toxins

Question 25

Bacterial toxins have powerful _________ adjuvanticity

Answer 25

Mucosal

Question 26

Cholera toxin, E.coli, pertussis toxin are examples of what kind of adjuvant?

Answer 26

Bacterial toxins

Question 27

Strain of pathogen that will grow in the host and induce immunity without causing disease

Answer 27

Attenuated pathogen

Question 28

Whats a more effective vaccine, one from a killed virus or one from an attenuated virus?

Answer 28

Attenuated; it can replicate in the host thus causing the proper physiological amount of antigen, it is delivered to proper cell components, and it stimulates appropriate cytokine signals

Question 29

Do live vaccines (such as attenuated ones) always have safety concerns?

Answer 29

Yes!

Question 30

Disease caused by medical treatment (such as when an attenuated virus reverts back to being bad and causes disease in humans that have been given a vaccine)

Answer 30

Iatrogenic disease (thats a capital I not a lowercase L)